Table 2. General information of the two surgeons.

Features	Surgeon Zhao (control group)	Surgeon Zhang (3D-CTBA group)
Previous experience as an independent surgeon, years	15	11
Training in high-volume center*, months
Single-direction UVATS	6	NA
Single-direction multiport VATS	6	3
Surgery volume 5 years before the study
Thoracotomy, n/year	10–20	10–20
Multiport VATS, n/year	40–60	10–30
UVATS, n/year	50–70	30–60
Other VATS lobectomy during the study period	69	0

*, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China. NA, not available; 3D-CTBA, three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography; UVATS, uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.