Table 1.

Measurement invariance of authentic leadership, personal initiative, work engagement and innovative behaviour measures across samples of employees from the three countries.

Model	χ2	df	p	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI	Model Comparison	ΔRMSEA	ΔSRMR	ΔCFI
Authentic leadership
M1. Configural invariance	565.324	177	<0.001	0.055	0.042	0.936	-	-	-	-
M2. Metric invariance	595.747	195	<0.001	0.053	0.044	0.934	M2 vs. M1	0.002	0.002	0.002
M 3. Scalar invariance	902.881	221	<0.001	0.065	0.116	0.887	M3 vs. M2	0.012	0.072	0.047
M 4. Partial scalar invariance	565.324	177	<0.001	0.064	0.116	0.893	M4 vs. M2	0.011	0.072	0.041
Personal initiative
M1. Configural invariance	185.559	42	<0.001	0.069	0.050	0.934	-	-	-	-
M2. Metric invariance	218.633	54	<0.001	0.065	0.066	0.924	M2 vs. M1	0.004	0.016	0.010
M 3. Scalar invariance	450.180	68	<0.001	0.088	0.071	0.824	M3 vs. M2	0.023	0.005	0.100
M 4. Partial scalar invariance	185.559	42	<0.001	0.088	0.069	0.828	M4 vs. M2	0.023	0.003	0.096
Work engagement
M1. Configural invariance	259.246	72	<0.001	0.060	0.040	0.957	-	-	-	-
M2. Metric invariance	314.451	84	<0.001	0.061	0.067	0.947	M2 vs. M1	0.001	0.027	0.010
M 3. Scalar invariance	648.429	102	<0.001	0.086	0.074	0.874	M3 vs. M2	0.019	0.007	0.073
M 4. Partial scalar invariance	259.246	72	<0.001	0.085	0.075	0.880	M4 vs. M2	0.024	0.008	0.067
Innovative behaviour
M1. Configural invariance	43.56	18	0.001	0.045	0.028	0.992	-	-	-	-
M2. Metric invariance	68.24	28	0.001	0.045	0.048	0.987	M2 vs. M1	0.000	0.021	0.005
M3. Scalar invariance	76.269	30	0.001	0.047	0.062	0.985	M3 vs. M2	0.002	0.013	0.002

Note. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; CFI = Comparative Fit Index. To evaluate the model fit, we applied the recommended model fit criteria: for RMSEA and SRMR values below 0.08 indicate acceptable fit, and values above 0.10 indicate poor fit; for CFI, values higher than 0.90 show an acceptable model fit [77,78].