Table 2.
Variables of Study | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Post Difference | Inter-Group Difference of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value | ŋ2 | Dif | p-Value | ||
IM to know | Control | 5.82 | 1.05 | 5.54 | 1.23 | 0.028 * | 0.24 | −0.28 | 0.006 ** |
Experimental | 5.85 | 1.05 | 6.01 | 1.04 | 0.014 * | 0.15 | 0.16 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.859 | 0.03 | 0.007 * | 0.44 | |||||
IM to experience | Control | 5.25 | 1.25 | 5.18 | 1.17 | 0.632 | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.145 |
Experimental | 5.10 | 1.25 | 5.31 | 1.18 | 0.010 * | 0.17 | 0.21 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.452 | 0.12 | 0.509 | 0.11 | |||||
IM to accomplish | Control | 5.62 | 1.27 | 5.49 | 1.40 | 0.480 | 0.10 | −0.13 | 0.041 * |
Experimental | 5.79 | 1.13 | 6.05 | 1.03 | 0.001 ** | 0.24 | 0.26 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.346 | 0.15 | 0.002 ** | 0.51 | |||||
General IM | Control | 5.56 | 1.05 | 5.40 | 1.18 | 0.186 | 0.14 | −0.16 | 0.016 * |
Experimental | 5.58 | 1.02 | 5.79 | 0.96 | 0.001 ** | 0.21 | 0.21 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.914 | 0.02 | 0.019* | 0.39 | |||||
Identified R. | Control | 5.85 | 0.94 | 5.73 | 1.12 | 0.388 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.029 * |
Experimental | 5.72 | 1.15 | 6.01 | 1.00 | 0.000 ** | 0.27 | 0.29 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.404 | 0.12 | 0.090 | 0.27 | |||||
Introjected R. | Control | 5.39 | 1.25 | 5.52 | 1.44 | 0.407 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.839 |
Experimental | 5.62 | 1.14 | 5.71 | 1.11 | 0.248 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.214 | 0.20 | 0.392 | 0.16 | |||||
External R. | Control | 5.83 | 1.27 | 5.74 | 1.10 | 0.569 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.557 |
Experimental | 5.88 | 1.11 | 5.90 | 1.09 | 0.794 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.792 | 0.04 | 0.354 | 0.15 | |||||
Amotivation | Control | 1.65 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 0.54 | 0.049 * | 0.38 | −0.34 | 0.385 |
Experimental | 1.51 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 0.65 | 0.009 ** | 0.21 | −0.22 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.416 | 0.14 | 0.867 | 0.03 | |||||
Autonomy | Control | 3.73 | 0.68 | 3.82 | 0.91 | 0.513 | 0.11 | −0.09 | 0.221 |
Experimental | 3.55 | 0.82 | 3.81 | 0.75 | 0.000 ** | 0.33 | 0.26 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.165 | 0.23 | 0.948 | 0.01 | |||||
Competence | Control | 4.15 | 0.68 | 4.16 | 0.77 | 0.959 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.101 |
Experimental | 4.07 | 0.63 | 4.24 | 0.58 | 0.000 ** | 0.28 | 0.17 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.466 | 0.13 | 0.498 | 0.13 | |||||
Social relationships | Control | 4.37 | 0.80 | 4.19 | 0.86 | 0.078 | 0.22 | −0.18 | 0.033 * |
Experimental | 4.34 | 0.66 | 4.40 | 0.63 | 0.181 | 0.09 | 0.06 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.825 | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.31 | |||||
Teacher climate | Control | 4.31 | 0.54 | 4.28 | 0.59 | 0.826 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.360 |
Experimental | 4.30 | 0.55 | 4.40 | 0.56 | 0.006 ** | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.585 | 0.02 | 0.159 | 0.21 | |||||
School climate | Control | 4.01 | 0.71 | 4.01 | 0.65 | 0.482 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.079 |
Experimental | 4.16 | 0.66 | 4.26 | 0.59 | 0.007 ** | 0.16 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.408 | 0.22 | 0.019 * | 0.42 | |||||
Social responsibility | Control | 5.44 | 0.56 | 5.36 | 0.56 | 0.381 | 0.14 | −0.08 | 0.021 * |
Experimental | 5.37 | 0.68 | 5.49 | 0.58 | 0.000 ** | 0.19 | 0.12 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.377 | 0.11 | 0.224 | 0.23 | |||||
Personal responsibility | Control | 5.46 | 0.54 | 5.33 | 0.70 | 0.200 | 0.21 | −0.13 | 0.005 ** |
Experimental | 5.35 | 0.65 | 5.53 | 0.59 | 0.000 ** | 0.29 | 0.18 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.288 | 0.17 | 0.054 | 0.33 | |||||
Violence | Control | 2.17 | 0.80 | 2.23 | 0.86 | 0.658 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.297 |
Experimental | 1.86 | 0.62 | 1.81 | 0.69 | 0.187 | 0.08 | −0.05 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.020 * | 0.47 | 0.000 ** | 0.58 | |||||
Antisocial behaviours | Control | 2.32 | 0.93 | 2.31 | 0.84 | 0.954 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.315 |
Experimental | 1.99 | 0.74 | 1.88 | 0.74 | 0.000 ** | 0.15 | −0.11 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.009 ** | 0.43 | 0.001 ** | 0.57 | |||||
Prosocial behaviours | Control | 4.15 | 0.78 | 4.04 | 0.85 | 0.427 | 0.13 | −0.11 | 0.019 * |
Experimental | 4.09 | 0.70 | 4.26 | 0.67 | 0.000 ** | 0.25 | 0.17 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.592 | 0.08 | 0.060 | 00.31 | |||||
SDI | Control | 8.07 | 3.31 | 8.29 | 2.66 | 0.609 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.141 |
Experimental | 8.10 | 3.36 | 9.13 | 2.98 | 0.000 ** | 0.32 | 1.03 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.953 | 0.01 | 0.081 | 0.29 | |||||
PMI | Control | 4.08 | 0.57 | 4.06 | 0.76 | 0.769 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.033 * |
Experimental | 3.99 | 0.56 | 4.15 | 0.52 | 0.000 ** | 0.30 | 0.16 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.310 | 0.16 | 0.422 | 0.16 | |||||
Classroom climate | Control | 4.16 | 0.54 | 4.14 | 0.55 | 0.770 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.116 |
Experimental | 4.23 | 0.54 | 4.33 | 0.54 | 0.001 ** | 0.19 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.430 | 0.13 | 0.040 ** | 0.35 |
Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; IM = Intrinsic motivation; R = Regulation; ŋ2 = Size effect (Cohen’s D); Dif = Difference of means.