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. 2019 Nov 2;16(21):4259. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16214259

Table 2.

Analysis of the intervention results.

Variables of Study Group Pre-Test Post-Test Pre-Post Difference Inter-Group Difference of Means
Mean SD Mean SD p-Value ŋ2 Dif p-Value
IM to know Control 5.82 1.05 5.54 1.23 0.028 * 0.24 −0.28 0.006 **
Experimental 5.85 1.05 6.01 1.04 0.014 * 0.15 0.16
p-Value + ŋ2 0.859 0.03 0.007 * 0.44
IM to experience Control 5.25 1.25 5.18 1.17 0.632 0.06 −0.07 0.145
Experimental 5.10 1.25 5.31 1.18 0.010 * 0.17 0.21
p-Value + ŋ2 0.452 0.12 0.509 0.11
IM to accomplish Control 5.62 1.27 5.49 1.40 0.480 0.10 −0.13 0.041 *
Experimental 5.79 1.13 6.05 1.03 0.001 ** 0.24 0.26
p-Value + ŋ2 0.346 0.15 0.002 ** 0.51
General IM Control 5.56 1.05 5.40 1.18 0.186 0.14 −0.16 0.016 *
Experimental 5.58 1.02 5.79 0.96 0.001 ** 0.21 0.21
p-Value + ŋ2 0.914 0.02 0.019* 0.39
Identified R. Control 5.85 0.94 5.73 1.12 0.388 0.12 −0.12 0.029 *
Experimental 5.72 1.15 6.01 1.00 0.000 ** 0.27 0.29
p-Value + ŋ2 0.404 0.12 0.090 0.27
Introjected R. Control 5.39 1.25 5.52 1.44 0.407 0.10 0.13 0.839
Experimental 5.62 1.14 5.71 1.11 0.248 0.08 0.09
p-Value + ŋ2 0.214 0.20 0.392 0.16
External R. Control 5.83 1.27 5.74 1.10 0.569 0.08 −0.09 0.557
Experimental 5.88 1.11 5.90 1.09 0.794 0.02 0.02
p-Value + ŋ2 0.792 0.04 0.354 0.15
Amotivation Control 1.65 1.15 1.31 0.54 0.049 * 0.38 −0.34 0.385
Experimental 1.51 0.99 1.33 0.65 0.009 ** 0.21 −0.22
p-Value + ŋ2 0.416 0.14 0.867 0.03
Autonomy Control 3.73 0.68 3.82 0.91 0.513 0.11 −0.09 0.221
Experimental 3.55 0.82 3.81 0.75 0.000 ** 0.33 0.26
p-Value + ŋ2 0.165 0.23 0.948 0.01
Competence Control 4.15 0.68 4.16 0.77 0.959 0.01 0.01 0.101
Experimental 4.07 0.63 4.24 0.58 0.000 ** 0.28 0.17
p-Value + ŋ2 0.466 0.13 0.498 0.13
Social relationships Control 4.37 0.80 4.19 0.86 0.078 0.22 −0.18 0.033 *
Experimental 4.34 0.66 4.40 0.63 0.181 0.09 0.06
p-Value + ŋ2 0.825 0.04 0.055 0.31
Teacher climate Control 4.31 0.54 4.28 0.59 0.826 0.05 −0.03 0.360
Experimental 4.30 0.55 4.40 0.56 0.006 ** 0.18 0.10
p-Value + ŋ2 0.585 0.02 0.159 0.21
School climate Control 4.01 0.71 4.01 0.65 0.482 0.00 0.00 0.079
Experimental 4.16 0.66 4.26 0.59 0.007 ** 0.16 0.10
p-Value + ŋ2 0.408 0.22 0.019 * 0.42
Social responsibility Control 5.44 0.56 5.36 0.56 0.381 0.14 −0.08 0.021 *
Experimental 5.37 0.68 5.49 0.58 0.000 ** 0.19 0.12
p-Value + ŋ2 0.377 0.11 0.224 0.23
Personal responsibility Control 5.46 0.54 5.33 0.70 0.200 0.21 −0.13 0.005 **
Experimental 5.35 0.65 5.53 0.59 0.000 ** 0.29 0.18
p-Value + ŋ2 0.288 0.17 0.054 0.33
Violence Control 2.17 0.80 2.23 0.86 0.658 0.07 0.06 0.297
Experimental 1.86 0.62 1.81 0.69 0.187 0.08 −0.05
p-Value + ŋ2 0.020 * 0.47 0.000 ** 0.58
Antisocial behaviours Control 2.32 0.93 2.31 0.84 0.954 0.01 −0.01 0.315
Experimental 1.99 0.74 1.88 0.74 0.000 ** 0.15 −0.11
p-Value + ŋ2 0.009 ** 0.43 0.001 ** 0.57
Prosocial behaviours Control 4.15 0.78 4.04 0.85 0.427 0.13 −0.11 0.019 *
Experimental 4.09 0.70 4.26 0.67 0.000 ** 0.25 0.17
p-Value + ŋ2 0.592 0.08 0.060 00.31
SDI Control 8.07 3.31 8.29 2.66 0.609 0.07 0.22 0.141
Experimental 8.10 3.36 9.13 2.98 0.000 ** 0.32 1.03
p-Value + ŋ2 0.953 0.01 0.081 0.29
PMI Control 4.08 0.57 4.06 0.76 0.769 0.03 −0.02 0.033 *
Experimental 3.99 0.56 4.15 0.52 0.000 ** 0.30 0.16
p-Value + ŋ2 0.310 0.16 0.422 0.16
Classroom climate Control 4.16 0.54 4.14 0.55 0.770 0.04 −0.02 0.116
Experimental 4.23 0.54 4.33 0.54 0.001 ** 0.19 0.10
p-Value + ŋ2 0.430 0.13 0.040 ** 0.35

Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; IM = Intrinsic motivation; R = Regulation; ŋ2 = Size effect (Cohen’s D); Dif = Difference of means.