Table 3.

Deregulated miRNAs and relation to OS in NAFLD/NASH.

miRNA	Evidence				Target Gene/Pathway	(Patho)Mechanism	References
	In Vitro	In Vivo	In Situ	In Silico
21 ↑3	✓				PPARα ↓	Liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis	[75]
21 ↑3	✓	✓	✓		PTEN ↓	Development of steatosis	[73]
21 ↑1		✓	✓		TGFβ ↑	Induced collagen production and extracellular matrix formation fibrogenesis via increase of Col1α1 and α-SMA expression	[72]
122 ↑2	✓				KLF6 ↑	Activation of hepatic stellate cells and progression of liver fibrosis	[82]
34a ↑2	✓		✓		HNF4α ↓	Inhibition of very low-density lipoprotein secretion and promotion of liver steatosis and hypolipidemia	[89]
34a ↑1	✓	✓			PPARα ↓	Loss of regulation genes encoding fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation activity	[87]
34a ↑1		✓			SIRT1 ↓	Increase of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and activation of pro-apoptotic genes (p53, p66shc)	[88]
29a and c ↓2	✓	✓			SIRT1 ↓	Increased levels of free cholesterol	[94,95]
29 ↑2	✓	✓			Col1α1 ↓	Downregulation in activated hepatic stellate cells and therefore loss of interaction with Col1α1 → decreased collagen production	[97]
155 ↑1	✓	✓			AKT/ FOXO3a ↑	Regulates proliferation of hepatic stellate cells promotes liver fibrosis; FOXO3a proteins maintain intracellular redox balance and survival	[99]
155 ↑2		✓	✓		LXRα ↓	Decreased SREBP1 and FAS resulting in an increased intracellular lipid content	[100]
155 ↑2		✓	✓		HIF1α and vimentin ↑	NASH-induced liver fibrosis	[101]

Relation to oxidative stress: ¹: yes, ²: no, ³: not mentioned. Abbreviations: AKT = Protein kinase B, Col1α1 = Collagen type I alpha 1, FAS = Fatty acid synthase, FOXO3 = Forkhead-Box-Protein O3, HIF1α = Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, HNF4α = Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, KLF6 = Krueppel-like factor 6, LXRα = Liver X receptor alpha, PPARa = Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, PTEN = Phosphatase and Tensin homolog, SIRT1 = Sirtuin 1, SREBP1 = sterol regulatory element-binding protein, ↓ = downregulation/reduction, ↑ = upregulation/increase.