. 2019 Nov 3;20(21):5472. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215472

Table 1.

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) function and junctional proteins in aging.

Experimental System	Claudin 5	Occludin	ZO-1	Permeability	Other	Authors
BubR1 accelerated aging, cell culture	Discontinuous immunofluorescence for all three.					Baker et al., 2011 [49]
aged mouse and human brain tissue	fragmented, weak immunofluorescence, reduced protein level.		fragmented, weak immunofluorescence	increased 3kDa dextran permeability rescued by sirtuin-1 overexpression.		Stamatovic et al., 2019 [50]
sirtuin-1 overexpression	rescued by sirtuin-1 overexpression
sirtuin-1 knockdown	reduced claudin 5 mRNA and protein			increased
senescent female rats				Evans blue extravasation, hippocampus, olfactory bulb		Bake and Sohrabji 2004 [51]
senescent rats	weaker and discontinuous immunofluorescence in hippocampal vessels in senescent compared to young female rats. No change in middle aged vs. young male rats	no change in reproductive senescent vs. young female rats			age and gender dependent IgG extravasation, e.g., increased IgG extravasation in senescent female rat thalamus	Bake et al., 2009 [52]
postmenopausal women	altered distribution					Bake et al., 2009 [52]
ovariectomized rats			unaffected	increased	connexin43 redistribution	Wilson et al., 2008 [53]
+estrogen replacement				rescued	rescued	Wilson et al., 2008 [53]
Pdgfrβ+/−, pericyte deficient mice	All three decreased.					Bell et al., 2010 [54]
24-month-old rats, compared to 12-months-old		protein decreased, mRNA unaffected	mRNA increased, protein unaffected			Mooradian et al., 2003 [55]
24-month-old rats, compared to 3-months-old		protein decreased, mRNA unaffected	protein unaffected			Mooradian et al., 2003 [55]
mouse primary brain microvessel endothelial culture. disrupted endothelial integrin/basal lamina interaction	decreased			increased		Osada et al., 2011 [56]
integrin α5 knockout mice	increased mRNA			improved barrier	resistant to MCAO induced stroke	Roberts et al., 2017 [57]