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. 2019 Oct 24;20(21):5289. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215289

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Copper is still antimicrobial in anaerobic environments. (A) Copper concentration of TY medium. (B) Optical densities of overnight C. difficile 630Δerm and R20291 cultures grown in the presence of the indicated concentrations of copper sulfate. Data shown are the means and standard deviations of four biologically independent samples. (C) Time-kill assays comparing viable colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of bacterial culture before exposure to the indicated concentrations of copper sulfate with the CFU/mL 30 min, 2, and 4 h post-exposure. CFU/mL in treated samples were compared to those in untreated samples and to each other using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test comparison. nt, not treated; n.s., not significant; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.