Table 4.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios from univariable and multivariable analysis of study variables and respiratory symptoms.
| Characteristics | Respiratory | No Respiratory | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Landfill Sites | ||||||
| Landfill Site 1 | 178 (60.96) | 114 (39.04) | 1.78 (1.02; 3.08) | 0.041 | 2.77 (1.03; 7.42) | 0.042 |
| Landfill Site 2 | 29 (46.77) | 33 (53.23) | ref | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 164 (77.0) | 101 (68.24) | 0.64 (0.40; 1.02) | 0.065 | 0.88 (0.34; 2.25) | 0.793 |
| Female | 49 (23.0) | 47 (31.76) | ref | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–28 | 79 (37.1) | 47 (31.76) | 1.48 (0.67; 3.24) | 0.324 | ||
| 29–39 | 90 (42.25) | 65 (43.9) | 1.22 (0.57;2.62) | 0.607 | ||
| 40–50 | 22 (10.33) | 16 (10.81) | 1.13 (0.46; 2.79) | 0.783 | ||
| 51+ | 22 (10.33) | 20 (13.51) | ref | |||
| Education | ||||||
| None | 10 (4.72) | 5 (3.38) | 0.75 (0.93; 6.04) | 0.787 | ||
| Primary | 36 (16.98) | 23 (15.54) | 0.78 (0.24;2.58) | 0.687 | ||
| Secondary | 163 (76.89) | 118 (79.73) | 0.69 (0.23; 2.07) | 0.509 | ||
| Tertiary | 3 (1.42) | 2 (1.35) | ref | |||
| Current/Ever Smoked | ||||||
| Yes | 158 (62.70) | 94 (37.30) | 1.65 (1.04; 2.60) | 0.031 | 3.52 (0.92; 15.54) | 0.066 |
| No | 55 (50.50) | 54 (49.50) | ref | |||
| Years Smoked (Median, IQR) | 10 (6–14) | 17 (10–21) | 0.97 (0.94; 1.05) | 0.097 | 0.96 (0.93; 1.01) | 0.085 |
| Occupation (Median, IQR) | ||||||
| Years Working in the Landfill Sites, Median (IQR) | 4 (2–7) | 13 (9–17) | 0.99 (0.95; 1.03) | 0.844 | 1.03 (0.965; 1.109) | 0.333 |
| Perception that Landfill Affects Chest | ||||||
| Yes | 112 (53.08) | 51 (35.42) | 2.06 (1.33; 3.19) | 0.001 | 1.54 (0.89; 2.66) | 0.123 |
| No | 99 (46.92) | 93 (64.58) | ref | |||
| Medical History | ||||||
| % Tuberculosis | 7 (63.60) | 4 (36.40) | 1.21 (0.35; 4.23) | 0.756 | ||
| % Sprains and Muscle Strains | 69 (34.85) | 30 (21.28) | 1.97 (1.20; 3.26) | 0.007 | 1.53 (0.89; 2.67) | 0.877 |
| Source of Fuel | ||||||
| Electricity | 133 (55.20) | 108 (44.80) | ref | |||
| Paraffin | 45 (65.20) | 24 (34.80) | 1.52 (0.87; 2.66) | 0.139 | 1.77 (0.83; 3.74) | 0.138 |
| Gas | 2 (33.30) | 4 (66.70) | 0.41 (0.72; 2.26) | 0.303 | 0.27 (0.27; 2.86) | 0.281 |
| Wood/Coal | 32 (15.0) | 11 (7.40) | 2.36 (1.13; 4.90) | 0.021 | 1.59 (0.70; 3.63) | 0.264 |
| Other | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0.81 (0.05; 13.13) | 0.883 | 0.72 (0.43; 12.25) | 0.822 |
| PPE (%) | ||||||
| Always | 174 (56.10) | 136 (43.90) | ref | 0.604 | ||
| Sometimes/Never | 23 (63.90) | 13 (36.10) | 0.69 (0.27; 1.77) | 0.445 | 0.74 (0.45; 1.22) | 0.239 |
| Exposures Chemicals (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 154 (72.99) | 82 (55.78) | 2.14 (1.37; 3.34) | 0.001 | 1.80 (1.01; 3.22) | 0.044 |
| No | 57 (27) | 65 (44.22) | ref | |||
| Airborne Dust (%) | ||||||
| No problem | 5 (41.70) | 7 (58.30) | ref | |||
| Moderate/Major Problem | 201 (57.60) | 146 (42.10) | 2.07 (0.64; 6.65) | 0.222 | 2.50 (0.30; 20.65) | 0.394 |
Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) = 3.75, p = 0.8790. Correlation coefficient between age and years working in landfill site was 0.559. Final model was adjusted for age, years working at the landfill site, smoking status (current smoker/ever smoked), history of TB and asthma, and source of fuel for cooking.