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. 2019 Nov 1;20(21):5455. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215455

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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HPV-18 E7 sensitizes PHK raft cultures to Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776. (A) Detection of biomarkers of DNA damage (γ-H2AX, red) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, green) by dual IF in raft culture sections. (B) Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay on sections from raft cultures of uninfected PHK (PHK), PHK containing empty vector (pLC), HPV-18 E6 or E7. Images were captured with 20× objective. Only E7-expressing culture exhibited signals in the spinous strata. The Most signals in the other three cultures were observed in stratum corneum.