Figure 5.

Effects of GLYX-13 on the cognitive impairment induced by long-term isoflurane exposure via the NR2B/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway.

(A) Percent freezing time in the CFC test. Percentage freezing time (%) = freezing time/phase time × 100%. (B) Percent novel object exploration time in the NOR test. Percent novel object exploration time = novel object exploration time/total object exploration time × 100%. (C) Discrimination index in the NOR test. Discrimination index = (novel object exploration time-familiar object exploration time) /total object exploration time. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 5). #P < 0.05, vs. Anes group; †P < 0.05, vs. Anes + GLYX-13 group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the post-hoc least significant difference test). CaMKII: Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CREB: cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein; KN93: a selective CaMKII inhibitor; NR2B: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B. Con: Control group; Anes: isoflurane anesthesia group, in which mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 6 hours; GLYX-13: GLYX-13 injection group, in which mice were intravenously administered GLYX-13 (1 mg/kg); Anes + GLYX-13: isoflurane anesthesia + GLYX-13 injection group, in which mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 6 hours and intravenously pre-administered GLYX-13 (1 mg/kg) 2 hours earlier.