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. 2019 Sep 16;15(1):36–40. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.264446

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Advances in fetal ventromedial (VM) tissue, embryonic stem cell (ESC), and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD).

In the 1980s, VM tissue was transplanted into the midbrain of two PD patients and their recovery was monitored over 20 years. Patients showed moderate recovery of symptoms, but low sample size limits the generalizability of the study. Advances in cell culture techniques allowed for successful ESC and iPSC differentiation to the dopaminergic neuronal fate of the midbrain in 2006 and 2010 respectively. After successful transplantation in primates, Takahashi (2019) launched the first clinical trial using iPSC therapy to treat PD. The clinical trial will follow seven patients with moderate PD. DA: Dopaminergic; OHDA: hydroxydopamine.