Table 1.
Demographic and Household Structure Characteristics by Quartile of Urinary Cotinine.
| Characteristics | % Participants (N = 421) |
Q1 1 N (%) 2 |
Q2 N (%) |
Q3 N (%) |
Q4 N (%) |
χ2 p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race | <0.01 | |||||
| Asian | 12 | 13 (25) | 15 (29) | 13 (25) | 11 (21) | |
| Black | 22 | 18 (20) | 16 (17) | 17 (18) | 41 (45) | |
| Hispanic | 24 | 21 (21) | 28 (27) | 29 (28) | 24 (24) | |
| White | 42 | 54 (31) | 46 (26) | 46 (26) | 29 (17) | |
| Family Income | <0.01 | |||||
| <$50 k/yr | 21 | 12 (14) | 15 (17) | 20 (23) | 40 (46) | |
| ≥$50, <100 k | 37 | 34 (22) | 41 (27) | 44 (29) | 35 (23) | |
| ≥$100 k/yr | 42 | 58 (33) | 48 (28) | 40 (23) | 28 (16) | |
| Primary Caregiver Education | <0.01 | |||||
| College Grad (B’s) | 51 | 70 (33) | 57 (27) | 60 (28) | 25 (12) | |
| Some College | 31 | 21 (16) | 32 (25) | 22 (17) | 54 (42) | |
| ≤High School (HS) | 19 | 15 (19) | 16 (21) | 23 (29) | 24 (31) | |
| Home Ownership | <0.01 | |||||
| Is Renter | 28 | 14 (12) | 18 (16) | 30 (26) | 54 (47) | |
| Owns Home | 72 | 92 (30) | 86 (28) | 75 (25) | 50 (17) | |
| Two Parents in Household 3 | <0.01 | |||||
| Yes | 81 | 96 (28) | 94 (27) | 92 (27) | 61 (18) | |
| No | 19 | 10 (13) | 11 (14) | 13 (17) | 44 (56) | |
| Siblings in Household 4 | <0.01 | |||||
| Yes | 77 | 82 (25) | 92 (28) | 78 (24) | 71 (22) | |
| No | 23 | 24 (24) | 13 (13) | 27 (28) | 34 (35) | |
| Crowding (# people/# rooms) | 0.01 | |||||
| Not Crowded (<1) | 91 | 97 (25) | 102 (27) | 95 (25) | 88 (23) | |
| Crowded (≥1) | 9 | 9 (23) | 3 (8) | 10 (26) | 17 (44) | |
| Stressful Life Events during Pregnancy 5 | 0.94 | |||||
| None | 68 | 52 (25) | 59 (29) | 49 (24) | 45 (22) | |
| 1–2 events | 29 | 21 (24) | 21 (24) | 25 (28) | 21 (24) | |
| 3 or more events | 3 | 2 (20) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 3 (30) | |
| Stressful Life Events from 0 to 6 years 5 | 0.19 | |||||
| None | 33 | 29 (29) | 28 (28) | 27 (27) | 17 (17) | |
| 1–2 events | 45 | 33 (24) | 40 (29) | 35 (26) | 29 (21) | |
| 3 or more events | 22 | 13 (20) | 14 (22) | 15 (23) | 23 (35) |
1 Quartile 1 (Q1): 0.017–0.151 µg/g creatinine; Q2: 0.152–0.259 µg/g creatinine, Q3: 0.260–0.592 µg/g creatinine, Q3: 0.593–89.212 µg/g creatinine. 2 Row percent. 3 Parent was considered a biological parent. 4 Sibling was considered a biological sibling. 5 Stressful life events assessed at 9th visit among n = 303 with cotinine.