Table 2.

Urinary Cotinine (µg/g creatinine) Geometric Means (GM) by Demographic and Household Characteristics.

Characteristics		Unadjusted (N = 421)			Adjusted 1 (N = 412)
	%	GM	95% CI	p	GM 2	95% CI	p
Race
Asian	12	0.32	(0.23–0.44)	0.35	0.33	(0.24–0.45)	0.74
Black	22	0.59	(0.43–0.81)	<0.01	0.42	(0.32–0.54)	0.28
Hispanic	24	0.34	(0.28–0.42)	0.11	0.27	(0.21–0.35)	0.13
N-H White	42	0.27	(0.22–0.32)	ref	0.35	(0.29–0.42)	ref
Family Income
>=$100 k/yr	42	0.24	(0.21–0.28)	ref	0.32	(0.27–0.39)	ref
>=$50, <100 k/yr	37	0.35	(0.28–0.42)	<0.01	0.34	(0.28–0.40)	0.76
<$50 k/yr	21	0.65	(0.48–0.88)	<0.01	0.37	(0.28–0.50)	0.47
Primary Caregiver Education
College Grad (B’s)	51	0.24	(0.21–0.28)	ref	0.27	(0.23–0.33)	ref
Some College	31	0.51	(0.40–0.65)	<0.01	0.42	(0.34–0.52)	<0.01
≤High School (HS)	19	0.44	(0.33–0.61)	<0.01	0.41	(0.31–0.55)	0.03
Home Ownership
Owns Home	72	0.26	(0.23–0.30)	ref	0.29	(0.25–0.33)	ref
Is Renter	28	0.69	(0.53–0.90)	<0.01	0.52	(0.42–0.66)	<0.01
Two Parents in Household 3
Yes	81	0.29	(0.26–0.32)	ref	0.31	(0.28–0.35)	ref
No	19	0.75	(0.54–1.03)	<0.01	0.48	(0.36–0.65)	0.01
Siblings in Household 4
Yes	77	0.32	(0.28–0.36)	ref	0.32	(0.29–0.37)	ref
No	23	0.44	(0.33–0.58)	0.03	0.39	(0.31–0.50)	0.16
Crowding (# ppl/# rooms)
Not Crowded (<1)	91	0.32	(0.29–0.37)	ref	0.33	(0.30–0.37)	ref
Crowded ≥1)	9	0.61	(0.36–1.03)	<0.01	0.42	(0.29–0.62)	0.23

¹ Adjusted for all listed independent variables. ² Geometric means were calculated using least squares means. ³ Parent was considered a biological parent. ⁴ Sibling was considered a biological sibling.