Table 3.
Demographic and Household Characteristics Predicting Urinary Cotinine (µg/g creatinine) Geometric Means 1, by Race/ethnicity.
| Asian (N = 51) | Black (N = 91) | Hispanic (N = 102) | N-H White (N = 173) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 95% CI | p | GM | 95% CI | p | GM | 95% CI | p | GM | 95% CI | p | |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| ≥B’s | 0.24 | (0.17–0.34) | ref | 0.52 | (0.31–0.90) | ref | 0.34 | (0.22–0.53) | ref | 0.22 | (0.18–0.26) | ref |
| Some College | 0.63 | (0.34–1.16) | <0.01 | 0.62 | (0.42–0.93) | 0.61 | 0.39 | (0.27–0.55) | 0.68 | 0.39 | (0.28–0.56) | <0.01 |
| ≤HS | 0.27 | (0.12–0.62) | 0.83 | 0.67 | (0.26–1.78) | 0.67 | 0.31 | (0.23–0.42) | 0.71 | 0.62 | (0.37–1.05) | <0.01 |
| Home Ownership | ||||||||||||
| Owns | 0.29 | (0.21–0.40) | ref | 0.39 | (0.25–0.61) | ref | 0.26 | (0.20–0.34) | ref | 0.24 | (0.20–0.28) | ref |
| Rents | 0.37 | (0.18–0.73) | 0.54 | 0.97 | (0.59–1.58) | 0.01 | 0.50 | (0.36–0.69) | <0.01 | 0.51 | (0.34–0.76) | <0.01 |
| Two Parents in Home 2 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.33 | (0.24–0.44) | ref | 0.46 | (0.31–0.71) | ref | 0.31 | (0.25–0.39) | ref | 0.25 | (0.21–0.29) | ref |
| No | 0.15 | (0.06–0.38) | 0.12 | 0.80 | (0.50–1.29) | 0.11 | 0.47 | (0.30–0.75) | 0.11 | 0.65 | (0.35–1.21) | <0.01 |
1 Linear regression models adjusted for education (B’s is at least a Bachelor’s degree level, HS = high school or less), home ownership, and two parents in the home, predicting natural log of urinary creatinine-adjusted cotinine. 2 Parent was defined as a biological parent.