Table 4.
Stressful Life Events in Relation to Urinary Cotinine Levels (µg/g creatinine).
| Stressful Life Events | N = 321 | Unadjusted (N = 303) | Adjusted 1 (N = 300) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | GM 2 | 95% CI | p | GM 2 | 95% CI | p | |
| Pregnancy | |||||||
| Total # of Stressful Life Events | |||||||
| None | 68 | 0.32 | (0.27–0.38) | ref | 0.33 | (0.28–0.38) | ref |
| 1–2 events | 29 | 0.33 | (0.26–0.41) | 0.87 | 0.31 | (0.24–0.39) | 0.68 |
| 3 or more events | 3 | 0.38 | (0.17–0.85) | 0.66 | 0.35 | (0.18–0.69) | 0.83 |
| Unemployment in the family | |||||||
| No | 92 | 0.32 | (0.28–0.37) | ref | 0.32 | (0.28–0.37) | ref |
| Yes | 8 | 0.38 | (0.23–0.64) | 0.48 | 0.32 | (0.20–0.49) | 0.96 |
| Illness or injury in the family | |||||||
| No | 90 | 0.33 | (0.28–0.38) | ref | 0.32 | (0.28–0.37) | ref |
| Yes | 10 | 0.31 | (0.20–0.46) | 0.78 | 0.31 | (0.21–0.46) | 0.84 |
| Death of close family member | |||||||
| No | 91 | 0.32 | (0.28–0.37) | ref | 0.32 | (0.28–0.36) | ref |
| Yes | 9 | 0.32 | (0.21–0.50) | 0.99 | 0.35 | (0.23–0.53) | 0.70 |
| Separation or divorce | |||||||
| No | 89 | 0.32 | (0.27–0.36) | ref | 0.32 | (0.28–0.36) | ref |
| Yes | 11 | 0.40 | (0.27–0.57) | 0.29 | 0.34 | (0.24–0.50) | 0.73 |
| Legal or financial problems | |||||||
| No | 92 | 0.32 | (0.28–0.37) | ref | 0.33 | (0.29–0.37) | ref |
| Yes | 8 | 0.32 | (0.19–0.52) | 0.91 | 0.29 | (0.18–0.44) | 0.58 |
| Childhood (0–6 years) | |||||||
| Total # of Stressful Life Events | |||||||
| None | 34 | 0.30 | (0.24–0.38) | ref | 0.33 | (0.26–0.40) | ref |
| 1–2 events | 44 | 0.31 | (0.26–0.38) | 0.78 | 0.31 | (0.26–0.37) | 0.74 |
| 3 or more events | 21 | 0.40 | (0.30–0.53) | 0.12 | 0.34 | (0.26–0.45) | 0.77 |
| Unemployment in the family | |||||||
| No | 77 | 0.30 | (0.26–0.35) | ref | 0.31 | (0.27–0.35) | ref |
| Yes | 23 | 0.42 | (0.32–0.55) | 0.04 | 0.37 | (0.29–0.49) | 0.19 |
| Illness or injury in the family | |||||||
| No | 72 | 0.34 | (0.29–0.40) | ref | 0.34 | (0.30–0.40) | ref |
| Yes | 28 | 0.28 | (0.22–0.37) | 0.22 | 0.28 | (0.22–0.35) | 0.12 |
| Death of close family member | |||||||
| No | 57 | 0.32 | (0.27–0.38) | ref | 0.32 | (0.27–0.38) | ref |
| Yes | 43 | 0.33 | (0.27–0.40) | 0.82 | 0.32 | (0.27–0.39) | 0.94 |
| Separation or divorce | |||||||
| No | 77 | 0.30 | (0.26–0.35) | ref | 0.31 | (0.27–0.36) | ref |
| Yes | 23 | 0.42 | (0.32–0.56) | 0.03 | 0.35 | (0.27–0.46) | 0.49 |
| Legal or financial problems | |||||||
| No | 81 | 0.32 | (0.27–0.37) | ref | 0.33 | (0.29–0.38) | ref |
| Yes | 19 | 0.35 | (0.26–0.48) | 0.52 | 0.29 | (0.22–0.39) | 0.49 |
1 Adjusted for primary caregiver education and home ownership. 2 Geometric means (GM) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using least squares mean.