Table 1.
PPARs tissue distribution and biological functions.
| Isoforms | Tissues Distribution | Target Genes | Functions | Synthetic Ligands | Natural Ligands |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPARγ | White and brown adipose tissue, the large intestine, skeletal muscle, spleen, pancreas, and brain. |
aP2, FATP, FAT/CD36. |
Regulation of adipogenesis, energy balance, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid storage, glucose uptake, metabolism uptake and differentiation. |
Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, Troglitazone, T3D-959, DBZ. |
9-HODE, 13-HODE, 15d-PGJ2, EPA. |
| PPARα | Liver, heart, skeletal muscle, intestinal mucosa, white and brown adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain. |
Acyl-CoA oxidase, Thiolase, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein A-II, CYP8B1, FATP, FAT/CD36, and Lipoprotein lipase. |
Fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, thermogenesis, ketogenesis, glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation and lipid storage. |
Wy-14643, GW-2331, GW-9578, K-877 Fibrates. |
Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, DHA, oleoylethanolamide. |
| PPARβ/δ | Liver, intestine, kidney, abdominal white and brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart, pancreas, and brain. | Genes involved in lipid uptake, metabolism, and efflux, Lpin2, St3gal5. | Fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid metabolism, regulates blood cholesterol, glucose uptake, glucose utilization, insulin secretion, ketogenesis and inflammation. |
L-796449, L-783483, GW-2433, MBX-8025, T3D-959, GW501516, GW610742. |
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, Arachidonic acid, Methyl palmitate, 2-bromopalmitic acid, prostacyclin I2, 4-HNE. |