mRNAs responsive to CCI. (a) Actin beta (Actb) mRNA expression is elevated in response to CCI treatment and is not responsive to CXB-NE drug therapy. (b) Cd4 is typically associated with T cells and is similarly responsive to CCI treatment but is not responsive to CXB-NE therapy. (c) Cx3cr1 (Chemokine CX-3-C motif, receptor 1) is expressed widely on the cell surface of neurons, macrophages, circulating monocytes, T cells, and Schwann cells. The mRNA expression is elevated in response to CCI treatment. (d) Gdnf (glial-derived neurotrophic factor) is produced by neurons and glial cells and appears to be responsive in the CCI condition to the CXB-NE drug therapy. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc analysis is considered statistically significant if p value < 0.05. Sham = 6, CCI CXB-NE n = 8, CCI DF-NE n = 6. * p value ≤ 0.05; *** p value ≤ 0.0001.