. 2019 Oct 9;47(11):5441–5452. doi: 10.1177/0300060519879323

Table 2.

Primary metabolic markers and pathways involved in clinical chronic plateau hypoxia.

Sample	Metabolic markers (changed compared with normal controls)	Metabolic pathways
Human plasma	Propyl sugar, pentose phosphate, methyl phosphate (increased)	Glucose metabolism^32–34
	Sphingomyelin 1-phosphate (elevated)	Sphingomyelin metabolism³²
	Glucose-6-phosphate (increased at first and then decreased); glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, fumaric acid, pyruvic acid, ribose, glucose-1-inosine phosphate (increased); glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, fumaric acid, pyruvate, ribose, glucose-1-phosphate (increased); phosphoglycerate, phosphoenol pyruvate, 6-phosphogluconolactone, 6-phosphogluconate, lyxose (reduced)	Glycolysis and pentose phosphate^32,34
	Glutathione, alanine, serine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, 5-oxyproline, glycine, trimethyl lysine, L-cysteine, citrulline, isoleucine (increased); glutathione synthase, glutamic acid, glutamine (decreased)	Metabolism and transamination of amino acids and glutamine^32,34
	Nitrite, adenine, adenosine, niacinamide, ornithine, asymmetric dimethyl arginine, niacinamide (increased); arginine, α-ketoglutaric acid, ADP, ATP (decreased); citrulline (increased and then decreased)	Nitrogen metabolism^32,34
	L-Homoserine (increased); creatine, creatine anhydride, creatine phosphate (first increased and then decreased); taurine/hypotaurine (decreased)	Arginine and sulfur metabolism³²