Table 3.
Primary metabolic markers and pathways involved in chronic plateau hypoxia in animals.
| Sample | Metabolic markers (changed compared with normal controls) | Metabolic pathways |
|---|---|---|
| Mouse brain tissue | Estradiol, 20-dione, 19-hydroxytestosterone, estrone glucuronic acid (increased); 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide, 2-methoxyestrone-3-glucuronide, 3α, 21-dihydroxy-5 β-progesterone-11, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, corticosterone (decreased) | Steroid hormone biosynthesis41 |
| 4-Hydroxyretinoic acid, 18-hydroxyretinic acid, all-trans-5, 6-epoxy retinoic acid (increased); retinal ester (decreased) | Retinol metabolism41 | |
| Linoleic acid (reduced) | Linoleic acid metabolism41 | |
| Leukotriene C4 (increased); 5, 6-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 14, 15-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 8, 9-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 11, 12-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 12-keto-tetrahydro-leukotriene B4 (decreased) | Arachidonic acid metabolism41 | |
| Heme, phenolinyl ester a, c-diamide, biliverdin, D-urocholinogen (increased) | Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism41 | |
| D-Pantoyl-L-cysteine, pantothenic acid 4-phosphate (increased), α-ketoisovaleric acid (decreased) pantothenic acid and CoA biosynthesis phospholipid acid [16-0-18-1 (9Z)], lysophosphatidylcholine (22:0) (increased); lysophosphatidylcholine [20:3 (5Z, 8Z, 11Z)], glycerol-ethanolamine phosphate (decreased) | Glycerol phospholipid metabolism41 | |
| Rat plasma | Isoleucine, valine, glycine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, pyruvate, 1-methyl-histidine (increased) | Amino acid metabolism42 |
| Lactic acid, glycoprotein, shark-inositol, creatine, α-glucose, β-glucose (increased) | Glycolysis42 | |
| Plateau pikas | Lactic acid, trehalose-6-phosphate, succinic acid, fumaric acid (increased); 2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate (decreased) | Glucose metabolism36 |
| Taurine, methionine, tyrosine, citrulline and glutathione (increased) | Amino acid and glutathione metabolism36 | |
| Rat urine | Glycine, serine, threonine, arginine, proline (increased) | Amino acid metabolism37 |
| Glycerol phospholipid (elevated) | Phospholipid metabolism37 |