Schnurr 2007.

Methods	Design: parallel group RCT Dates of study: August 2002 ‐ October 2005 Number of study centers and locations: nine VA medical centers, two VA re‐adjustment counseling centers, and one military hospital Recruitment: clinician referrals Study duration: six months
Participants	Participants: 277 Age: mean (CI) 44.6 (43.1 to 46.2) for the PE group, 44.9 (43.4 to 46.5) for the PCT group Sex: 0% male Baseline CAPS score: mean (CI) 77.6 (74.8 to 80.4) for the PE group, 77.9 (75.1 to 80.6) for the PCT group Trauma type: sexual trauma (68.3%), physical assault (15.8%), and war‐zone exposure (5.6%) Duration of time since trauma: average of 23.0 years in PE group, 22.8 years in PCT group Comorbid conditions: in the PE group, 75.2% had any current comorbid psychiatric disorder, 61.7% had a current comorbid mood disorder, 48.9% had a current comorbid anxiety disorder, and 2.1% had current comorbid substance abuse. In the PCT group, 80.4% had any current comorbid psychiatric disorder, 65.7% had a current comorbid mood disorder, 46.9% had a current comorbid anxiety disorder, and 2.1% had current comorbid substance abuse. Diagnostic criteria: overall CAPS score of 45 or higher, and symptoms occurred at least monthly with moderate intensity Inclusion criteria: current PTSD according to DSM‐IV criteria symptom severity of 45 or higher on the CAPS three or more months since experiencing trauma a clear memory of the trauma that caused PTSD agreement to not receive other psychotherapy for PTSD during study treatment if being treated with psychoactive medication, a stable regimen for at least two months before the trial Exclusion criteria: substance dependence not in remission for at least three months current psychotic symptoms, mania, or bipolar disorder prominent current suicidal or homicidal ideation cognitive impairment indicated by chart diagnosis or observable cognitive difficulties current involvement in a violent relationship self‐mutilation within the past six months
Interventions	Group I: prolonged exposure therapy (PE) Description: "...included education about common reactions to trauma; breathing retraining; prolonged (repeated) recounting (imaginal exposure) of trauma memories during sessions; homework (listening to a recording of the recounting made during the therapy session and repeated in vivo exposure to safe situations the patient avoids because of trauma‐related fear); and discussion of thoughts and feelings related to exposure exercises. Sessions 1 and 2 were introductory and included provision of the treatment rationale and education about PTSD. Imaginal exposure occurred in sessions 3 through 10." Delivered by: 52 female therapists who were master’s‐ or doctoral‐level clinicians experienced in treating women with PTSD Number of sessions: 10 weekly 90‐minute sessions Format: individual Group II: PCT Manual/Model: CSP 494 version Delivered by: 52 female therapists who were master’s‐ or doctoral‐level clinicians experienced in treating women with PTSD Number of sessions: 10 weekly 90‐minute sessions Format: individual
Outcomes	PTSD: clinician‐rated assessment by CAPS self‐assessment by PCL Depression: self‐assessment by BDI Anxiety: self‐assessment by STAI
Notes	21 lost to follow‐up out of 141 in PE group, 17 lost to follow‐up out of 142 in PCT group
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomization was done using permuted blocks with random block sizes of 4 or 6.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Study staff called a computerized voice information system at the study coordinating center to obtain the treatment assignment for participants.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not feasible in psychotherapy trials
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Patient reported symptoms	High risk	Blinding of participants to treatment allocation not feasible
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Observer rated symptoms	Low risk	Assessors blinded to treatment assignment performed assessments before and after treatment and at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up appointments.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Intention‐to‐treat analysis for all outcomes. Higher dropout rates in the TF‐CBT arm relative to PCT
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No published protocol, but all outcomes specified in design paper were reported in study publications.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Potential concerns of bias due to investigator allegiance; study team member (Foa) is a developer of treatment under investigation (PE).