Table 3.

Effect of deliberative methods compared to control group on attitudes toward the use of medical evidence to limit antibiotic use

Outcomea	Method	Premean	Postmean	β	P‐value
People should [not] be able to get an antibiotic if they want it if it might not helpb	Control	3.6	3.6
	CP	3.9	3.9	0.16	0.34
	CD	3.5	3.7	0.11	0.24
The doctor should [not] be able to prescribe an antibiotic to treat infections if there is a small chance it would helpb	Control	2.4	2.6
	CP	2.6	2.8	0.19	0.17
	CD	2.5	2.7	0.17	0.06
Government should limit when doctors can prescribe antibiotics	Control	1.9	2.1
	CP	2.0	2.6	0.40	<0.01 c
	CD	2.0	2.8	0.57	<0.01 c

Premean indicates the mean score prior to deliberation; postmean indicates mean score postdeliberation; the estimate is the difference between the pre/postchange for the deliberative groups and the pre/postchange for the control group.

Abbreviations: CD, Community Deliberation; CP, Citizens’ Panel.

^aOutcomes were assessed using a five‐point Likert scale ranging from 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly.

^bItem was reverse‐coded so that a higher score indicates stronger agreement with limiting antibiotic use/prescriptions.

^cIndicates a significant difference between deliberative method and control at p < 0.05.