Table 4.
Logistic regression odds ratios for the health indices comparing equivalent consumption and the asset-based wealth index
| Health Status | Disability Status | PVW Health Status | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| Male | 1.146* | 1.171* | 1.158* | 1.041 | 1.061 | 1.047 | 1.097 | 1.105 | 1.091 |
| (1.009–1.302) | (1.031–1.331) | (1.018–1.316) | (0.915–1.184) | (0.932–1.207) | (0.920–1.193) | (0.965–1.248) | (0.972–1.256) | (0.959–1.241) | |
| Age group: 50–59 | 0.577*** | 0.571*** | 0.573*** | 0.724*** | 0.712*** | 0.721*** | 0.585*** | 0.588*** | 0.592*** |
| (0.482–0.690) | (0.477–0.683) | (0.478–0.686) | (0.606–0.864) | (0.596–0.850) | (0.603–0.861) | (0.489–0.699) | (0.493–0.703) | (0.495–0.708) | |
| Age group: 60–69 | 0.500*** | 0.502*** | 0.495*** | 0.560*** | 0.572*** | 0.558*** | 0.507*** | 0.526*** | 0.518*** |
| (0.409–0.610) | (0.411–0.613) | (0.405–0.604) | (0.459–0.684) | (0.468–0.699) | (0.456–0.682) | (0.415–0.618) | (0.431–0.642) | (0.423–0.633) | |
| Age group: 70–79 | 0.355*** | 0.355*** | 0.351*** | 0.412*** | 0.420*** | 0.412*** | 0.359*** | 0.370*** | 0.366*** |
| (0.282–0.446) | (0.282–0.446) | (0.279–0.441) | (0.327–0.520) | (0.333–0.530) | (0.327–0.520) | (0.286–0.451) | (0.295–0.465) | (0.291–0.460) | |
| Age group: 80+ | 0.197*** | 0.199*** | 0.195*** | 0.217*** | 0.223*** | 0.216*** | 0.183*** | 0.189*** | 0.185*** |
| (0.147–0.264) | (0.148–0.267) | (0.145–0.262) | (0.159–0.295) | (0.164–0.302) | (0.159–0.293) | (0.136–0.246) | (0.140–0.254) | (0.137–0.248) | |
| Education: Some primary | 1.131 | 1.131 | 1.118 | 1.200* | 1.218* | 1.195* | 1.121 | 1.153 | 1.136 |
| (0.972–1.317) | (0.970–1.318) | (0.959–1.304) | (1.027–1.404) | (1.042–1.425) | (1.021–1.400) | (0.960–1.308) | (0.987–1.347) | (0.972–1.329) | |
| Education: Some secondary | 1.203 | 1.214 | 1.186 | 1.332* | 1.379** | 1.337* | 1.392** | 1.466*** | 1.429** |
| (0.961–1.505) | (0.968–1.522) | (0.946–1.487) | (1.063–1.670) | (1.099–1.729) | (1.064–1.679) | (1.114–1.738) | (1.172–1.833) | (1.141–1.790) | |
| Education: Secondary or more | 1.012 | 1.088 | 1.004 | 1.097 | 1.211 | 1.112 | 0.977 | 1.128 | 1.032 |
| (0.804–1.274) | (0.862–1.374) | (0.793–1.270) | (0.870–1.382) | (0.960–1.529) | (0.878–1.407) | (0.775–1.231) | (0.892–1.426) | (0.815–1.307) | |
| Marital status: Separated / divorced | 1.124 | 1.154 | 1.129 | 1.273 | 1.305 | 1.278 | 1.148 | 1.166 | 1.135 |
| (0.833–1.516) | (0.858–1.553) | (0.836–1.524) | (0.939–1.727) | (0.964–1.767) | (0.942–1.734) | (0.850–1.550) | (0.864–1.571) | (0.840–1.534) | |
| Marital Status: Widowed | 1.052 | 1.057 | 1.040 | 1.185 | 1.191 | 1.178 | 1.109 | 1.134 | 1.112 |
| (0.785–1.409) | (0.791–1.412) | (0.775–1.394) | (0.880–1.595) | (0.886–1.601) | (0.875–1.587) | (0.830–1.483) | (0.849–1.514) | (0.831–1.489) | |
| Marital Status: Currently married | 1.481** | 1.463** | 1.451** | 1.528** | 1.528** | 1.521** | 1.400* | 1.453** | 1.434** |
| (1.136–1.931) | (1.124–1.906) | (1.110–1.896) | (1.167–1.999) | (1.166–2.002) | (1.159–1.996) | (1.075–1.822) | (1.116–1.893) | (1.098–1.871) | |
| Working | 1.560*** | 1.617*** | 1.559*** | 1.388*** | 1.450*** | 1.389*** | 1.772*** | 1.846*** | 1.781*** |
| (1.314–1.852) | (1.363–1.919) | (1.313–1.851) | (1.172–1.644) | (1.224–1.717) | (1.172–1.646) | (1.491–2.106) | (1.554–2.192) | (1.498–2.117) | |
| Born in South Africa | 1.059 | 1.065 | 1.045 | 0.950 | 0.971 | 0.943 | 0.809** | 0.838* | 0.821* |
| (0.910–1.232) | (0.915–1.240) | (0.897–1.217) | (0.814–1.108) | (0.832–1.132) | (0.807–1.102) | (0.697–0.940) | (0.721–0.973) | (0.707–0.955) | |
| Equivalent consumption quintiles | |||||||||
| 2nd | 1.124 | 1.101 | 1.454*** | 1.439*** | 1.196 | 1.206 | |||
| (0.919–1.376) | (0.897–1.351) | (1.179–1.793) | (1.164–1.779) | (0.981–1.459) | (0.987–1.474) | ||||
| 3rd | 1.108 | 1.077 | 1.380** | 1.357** | 1.210 | 1.225 | |||
| (0.903–1.360) | (0.873–1.328) | (1.115–1.708) | (1.092–1.686) | (0.990–1.478) | (0.998–1.503) | ||||
| 4th | 1.360** | 1.316* | 1.788*** | 1.754*** | 1.237* | 1.275* | |||
| (1.113–1.661) | (1.068–1.621) | (1.454–2.198) | (1.415–2.173) | (1.016–1.505) | (1.039–1.563) | ||||
| 5th (Highest) | 1.891*** | 1.826*** | 2.294*** | 2.272*** | 1.830*** | 1.971*** | |||
| (1.542–2.318) | (1.464–2.278) | (1.861–2.829) | (1.812–2.850) | (1.496–2.239) | (1.585–2.450) | ||||
| Wealth index quintiles | |||||||||
| 2nd | 1.058 | 1.021 | 1.045 | 0.985 | 1.106 | 1.068 | |||
| (0.863–1.298) | (0.831–1.254) | (0.849–1.286) | (0.799–1.215) | (0.908–1.347) | (0.876–1.302) | ||||
| 3rd | 1.234* | 1.150 | 1.148 | 1.019 | 1.134 | 1.046 | |||
| (1.010–1.508) | (0.937–1.412) | (0.936–1.409) | (0.827–1.256) | (0.931–1.382) | (0.856–1.279) | ||||
| 4th | 1.370** | 1.192 | 1.480*** | 1.215 | 1.166 | 1.009 | |||
| (1.115–1.685) | (0.960–1.479) | (1.200–1.824) | (0.976–1.511) | (0.952–1.430) | (0.817–1.246) | ||||
| 5th (Highest) | 1.346** | 1.068 | 1.283* | 0.954 | 1.048 | 0.825 | |||
| (1.082–1.674) | (0.842–1.355) | (1.029–1.600) | (0.751–1.213) | (0.849–1.294) | (0.657–1.037) | ||||
| Constant | 0.607** | 0.626** | 0.592** | 0.381*** | 0.465*** | 0.376*** | 0.760 | 0.793 | 0.719* |
| (0.444–0.830) | (0.462–0.849) | (0.429–0.817) | (0.277–0.524) | (0.340–0.637) | (0.270–0.523) | (0.559–1.034) | (0.586–1.073) | (0.523–0.988) | |
| Observations | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 | 5025 |
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.072 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 0.065 | 0.056 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.066 | 0.073 |
Results presented are odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals in parenthesis with standard errors clustered at household level. The best health status was defined as those in the two highest quintiles of the index score, while the worst health status was defined as those in the three lower quintiles of the index score. The 1st wealth quintile and equivalent consumption quintile are the reference categories.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001