Table 2. Prevalence and association between renal abnormalities and sickle cell conditions.
| Characteristics | Total (N = 212) |
Hb variant | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AS (N = 96) | SC (N = 48) | SS (N = 68) | |||
| Urine Protein (albumin) | 0.0004 | ||||
| Negative | 156(73.5) | 92(95.8) | 28(58.3) | 36(52.9) | |
| 1+ | 14(6.7) | 2(2.1) | 6(12.5) | 6(8.8) | |
| 2++ | 20(9.4) | 2(2.1) | 8(16.7) | 10(14.7) | |
| 3+++ | 22(10.3) | 0(0.0) | 6(12.5) | 16(23.5) | |
| Total proteinuria | 56(26.4) | 4(4.2) | 20(41.7) | 32(47.1) | |
| Granular Cast | N/A | ||||
| NIL | 200(94.3) | 96(100.0) | 44(91.7) | 60(88.2) | |
| 1+ | 2(0.9) | 0(0.0) | 2(4.2) | 0(0.0) | |
| 2++ | 6(2.8) | 0(0.0) | 2(4.2) | 4(5.9) | |
| 3+++ | 4(1.9) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 4(5.9) | |
| Total Cast | 12(5.6%) | 0(0.0) | 4(8.3) | 8(11.8) | |
| KIDIGO Criteria | |||||
| CKD, n (%) eGFR | 0.0378 | ||||
| Stage 1: ≥90 + albuminuria | 24(11.3) | 4(4.2) | 6(12.5) | 16(23.5) | |
| Stage 2: 60–89 + albuminuria | 16(7.5) | 2(2.1) | 4(8.3) | 10(14.7) | |
| 45–59 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 30(14.2) | 4(4.2) | 12(25.0) | 14(20.5) | |
| 30–44 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 14(6.6) | 2(2.1) | 2(4.2) | 10(14.7) | |
| Overall CKD, n (%) eGFR | 84(39.6) | 14(14.6) | 22(45.8) | 50(73.5) | |
| No CKD | 128(60.4) | 82(85.4) | 26(54.2) | 18(26.5) | |
Values are presented as frequency (proportion). N/A: not applicable; CKD: chronic kidney disease; KDIGO: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes