Table 3.
Association between pesticide concentrations and infant outcomes among pregnant women in rural Bangladesh (n=289).
| Concentration Range |
Preterm Birth a | Low Birth Weight b |
Small for Gestational Age b |
Stunting at Follow-up 1 b |
Stunting at Follow-up 2 b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCPY | Quartile 1 (n=73) 0.37 to 1.79 μg/g creatinine |
Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 (n=71) 1.79 to 2.77 μg/g creatinine |
1.17 (0.63, 2.15) |
2.15 (0.82, 5.66) |
0.97 (0.42, 2.28) |
0.96 (0.75, 1.23) |
0.97 (0.65, 1.43) |
|
| Quartile 3 (n=72) 2.81 to 4.94 μg/g creatinine |
0.95 (0.49, 1.82) |
0.88 (0.27, 2.86) |
0.66 (0.26, 1.67) |
1.06 (0.85, 1.32) |
1.13 (0.79, 1.62) |
|
| Quartile 4 (n=73) 4.97 to 795.37 μg/g creatinine |
1.33 (0.74, 2.39) |
1.76 (0.63, 4.97) |
0.38 (0.12, 1.19) |
0.99 (0.77, 1.27) |
1.16 (0.80, 1.68) |
|
| 4-nitrophenol | Quartile 1 (n=72) 1.06 to 11.12 μg/g creatinine |
Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 (n=72) 11.18 to 18.11 μg/g creatinine |
1.29 (0.51, 3.27) |
0.40 (0.11, 1.52) |
2.93 (0.82, 10.40) |
0.86 (0.65, 1.14) |
0.84 (0.61, 1.16) |
|
| Quartile 3 (n=72) 18.27 to 31.75 μg/g creatinine |
3.57 (1.65, 7.73) |
1.70 (0.69, 4.22) |
2.61 (0.71, 9.61) |
1.07 (0.83, 1.36) |
0.74 (0.51, 1.07) |
|
| Quartile 4 (n=72) 31.90 to 293.00 μg/g creatinine |
3.57 (1.65, 7.73) |
1.87 (0.74, 4.72) |
3.81 (1.10, 13.21) |
1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
0.85 (0.61, 1.19) |
|
| IMPY | < LOD (n=240) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| ≥ LOD (n=46) 0.14 to 7.62 μg/g creatinine |
1.16 (0.68, 1.99) |
2.13 (1.12, 4.08) |
1.53 (0.70, 3.35) |
1.02 (0.82, 1.27) |
1.04 (0.73, 1.49) |
|
| 3-PBA | < LOD (n=231) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| ≥ LOD (n=57) 0.17 to 7.57 μg/g creatinine |
0.99 (0.58, 1.69) |
0.78 (0.32, 1.94) |
0.13 (0.02, 0.95) |
1.01 (0.83, 1.24) |
0.95 (0.69, 1.32) |
Values are relative risk (95% confidence interval) from log-binomial regression. Bolded values significant at p<0.05.
Abbreviations: 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY); limit of detection (LOD); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA); 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY). LOD was 0.1 μg/L for TCPY, and 0.2 μg/L for 4-nitrophenol, IMPY, and 3-PBA.
Directed acyclic graph analysis indicated no adjustment was needed to estimate the total effect of maternal pesticide exposure on preterm birth and therefore final model was unadjusted.
Adjusted for household income (≤4,000 tk versus >4,000 tk), maternal education (no formal schooling or primary school versus secondary school and higher), maternal total energy intake (log-transformed kcal/day), and maternal meat intake (log-transformed g/day).