Fig. 4.

There was a significant effect of both host sex and anthelmintic treatment on TNF-α production at both local (A) and systemic (B) scales. There was a significant interaction between these variables impacting systemic TNF-α production (B): anthelmintic treated (day ∼14), male mice had higher in TNF-α production in vitro (measured by ELISA in pg/ml) at the systemic scale (spleen cell cultures), while treated females showed a decrease in this pro-inflammatory cytokine systemically (mean ± 1 SE shown).