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. 2019 Nov 13;10:2568. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02568

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Copyright © 2019 Hashimoto, Taniguchi, Uesaka, Nomura, Hirakawa, Tanimoto, Tamai, Ruan, Zheng and Tomita.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Genetic structure of vancomycin resistance, other antimicrobial drug resistance genes, and pELF1. (A) The genetic structure of vancomycin resistance genes and other antimicrobial drug resistance genes is shown. Elements IS1216V and IS1542 were inserted in the Tn1546-like element harboring vanA gene cluster. In contrast, two IS1216E elements were located in the same direction at both ends of the vanM gene cluster. aadE, sat4, aphA-3, and ermB were located in pELF1 in this order. sat4 was interrupted by ISEfm1 and ISEfa11. (B) The schematic structure of pLFE1 is shown. The left terminal end formed a hairpin structure. On the other hand, the right end is presumed to be of the invertron type. Drug resistance genes as well as presumed replication machinery and transfer machinery genes are shown. The schematic structure was prepared using easyfig (Sullivan et al., 2011). (C) Restriction map of pELF1 (143.3 kb) is shown. A single SacI, SalI, and SmaI site each and two EagI sites are present in pELF1. The fragments produced by these for restriction enzymes are denoted by letters.