Table 1.
Characteristics of children with congenital rubella syndrome.
| Characteristics | Total cases of CRS | CRS from previous study3 | CRS and PDA from the Department list | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) or median (IQR)a | Number (%) or median (IQR)a | Number (%) or median (IQR)a | ||
| n = 108 | n = 67 | n = 41 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Sex (male) | 47 (43.5) | 30 (44.8) | 17 (41.5) | |
| Date of birth (range) | 10 Jan 2009–05 Nov 2012 | 18 Jan 2011–18 Oct 2012 | 10 Jan 2009–05 Nov 2012 | |
| Age on admission (months) | 3.3 (0.5–8.3) | 1.0 (0.1–3.4) | 8.3 (6.2–19.3) | |
| Body weight on admission (kilogram) | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | 5.4 (4.6–7.1) | |
| Perinatal information | ||||
| Birthweight (gram) | n = 101 | n = 65 | n = 36 | |
| 2200 (1850–2500) | 2100 (1700–2400) | 2200 (2000–2600) | ||
| Low birthweight (<2500 gram) | 73 (72.3) | 51 (78.5) | 22 (61.1) | |
| n = 108 | n = 67 | n = 41 | ||
| Gestational weeks at birth | 37 or more | 65 (60.2) | 37 (55.2) | 28 (68.3) |
| less than 37 | 36 (33.3) | 27 (40.3) | 9 (22.0) | |
| Unknown | 7 (6.5) | 3 (4.5) | 4 (9.8) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Cardiac disease | Yes | 107 (99.1) | 66 (98.5) | 41 (100.0) |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Symptoms from cardiac diseasea | Yes | 63 (58.3) | 28 (41.8) | 35 (85.4) |
| No | 24 (22.2) | 20 (29.9) | 4 (9.8) | |
| Unknown | 21 (19.4) | 19 (28.4) | 2 (4.9) | |
| Cataract | Yes | 74 (68.5) | 39 (58.2) | 35 (85.4) |
| No | 18 (16.7) | 18 (26.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 16 (14.8) | 10 (14.9) | 6 (14.6) | |
| Hearing impairment | Yes | 7 (6.5) | 3 (4.5) | 4 (9.8) |
| No | 17 (15.7) | 17 (25.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 84 (77.8) | 47 (70.2) | 37 (90.2) | |
| Developmental delay | Yes | 34 (31.5) | 13 (19.4) | 21 (51.2) |
| No | 27 (25.0) | 27 (40.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 47 (43.5) | 27 (40.3) | 20 (48.8) | |
| Neonatal symptoms | ||||
| Purpura | Yes | 18 (16.7) | 18 (26.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 48 (44.4) | 48 (71.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 42 (38.9) | 1 (1.5) | 41 (100.0) | |
| Hepatosplenomegaly | Yes | 24 (22.2) | 24 (35.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 42 (38.9) | 42 (62.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 42 (38.9) | 1 (1.5) | 41 (100.0) | |
| Jaundice | Yes | 20 (18.5) | 20 (29.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 42 (38.9) | 42 (62.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 46 (42.6) | 5 (7.5) | 41 (100.0) | |
| Suspected meningoencephalitis | Yes | 14 (13.0) | 14 (20.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 50 (46.3) | 50 (74.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown | 44 (40.7) | 3 (4.5) | 41 (100.0) | |
| Neonatal thrombocytopenia | n = 41 | n = 41 | n = 0 | |
| <150 × 109/liter | 26 (63.4) | 26 (63.4) | NE | |
| <50 × 109/liter | 11 (26.8) | 11 (26.8) | NE | |
| Serological test for Rubella | ||||
| Rubella specific immunoglobulin M positive | 47 (68.1) (n = 69) | 46 (71.9) (n = 64) | 1 (20.0) (n = 5) | |
| Rubella specific immunoglobulin G positive | 14 (100.0) (n = 14) | 9 (100.0) (n = 9) | 5 (100.0) (n = 5) | |
| Echocardiography | n = 106 | n = 66 | n = 40 | |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 92 (86.8) | 52 (78.8) | 40 (100.0) | |
| Atrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale) | 53 (50.0) | 48 (72.7) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Ventricular septal defect | 9 (8.5) | 8 (12.1) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Pulmonary hypertension by echo | 46 (43.4) | 33 (50.0) | 13 (32.5.0) | |
| Coarctation of aorta | 4 (3.8) | 4 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Aortic stenosis | 15 (14.2) | 4 (6.1) | 11 (27.5) | |
| Aortic regurgitation | 7 (6.6) | 2 (3.0) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Pulmonary stenosis | 24 (22.6) | 10 (15.2) | 14 (35.0) | |
| Pulmonary regurgitation | 16 (15.1) | 9 (13.6) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Mitral regurgitation | 27 (25.5) | 19 (28.8) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 69 (65.1) | 51 (77.3) | 18 (45.0) | |
| Status at discharge | ||||
| Alive | 90 (83.3) | 50 (74.6) | 40 (97.6) | |
| Died/went home to die | 18 (16.7) | 17 (25.4) | 1 (2.4) | |
CRS; congenital rubella syndrome, IQR; interquartile range, NE; not examined.
aFast breathing, failure to thrive, and/or poor suckling.