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. 2019 Nov 13;10:1104. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01104

Table 1.

Principal and common characteristics of RA and SS.

Disease Prevalence (%) General and common clinical features Candidate genes Organs and tissues affected Autoantigens Epigenetics mechanisms
RA 0.8

  • Female prevalence

  • Pain and chronic joint inflammation

  • Reduced mobility

  • When a person suffers RA and SS, their course worsen and comorbidities and mortality increase

  • Morning stiffness

  • Interstitial lung disease

  • Anemia

  • Hyperinmmunoglobulinemia

  • Xerophthalmia and xerostomia

  • Rash

  • Lymphoadenopathy

  • Thyroid involvement (hypothyroidism)

  • Hypertension

  • ANKRD55

  • CD247

  • HLA-DRB1

  • IL2RA

  • IL2RB

  • IL6

  • LACC1

  • MIF

  • PTPN2

  • PTPN22

  • STAT4

  • Heart

  • Bones

  • Lung

  • Synovial joint

  • tissue

  • Connective tissue

  • Rheumatoid factor

  • Cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP)

  • hnRNP-A2/RA33

  • Ro/SSA

  • Sa 50 kDa protein

  • Stress proteins (hsp60, BiP, hsp90)

  • Glucose-6 phosphate isomerase

  • Calpastatin

  • Hypomethylated IFNG promoter in pro-inflammatory T-cells (CD4+CD28T- T-cells)

  • Hypomethylation is apparently accompanied by the hyperacetylation of histones, which contributes to the control of epigenetic programs in enhancer regions

  • miR-146a and miR-155 appear as relevant epigenetic switches, and both can be considered to monitor inflammation status
SS 0.1–0.6

  • IRF5

  • STAT4

  • IL12A

  • BLK

  • CXCR5

  • TNIP1

  • Salivary glands

  • Exocrine glands

  • Lacrimal glands

  • Connective tissue

  • Lungs

  • Bowel

  • Ro/SSA

  • La/SSB

  • Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

  • Rheumatoid factor

  • Cryoglobulins

  • Centromere (ACA)

  • Cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP)

  • Mitochondria (AMA)

  • Muscarinic 3 receptor

  • Carbonic anhydrases

  • Smooth muscle