Table 2.
Epigenetic Changes in RA and SS.
| Disease | DNA methylation | Histone PTMs | miRNAs |
|---|---|---|---|
| RA | ↓ RASFs, PBMCs and T cell (Corvetta et al., 1991; Karouzakis et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Richardson et al., 1990) ↓ Synoviocytes (Nakano et al., 2013) ↓ IL6R, CAPN8 and HOXA11 genes in RASFs and ↑ DPP4 and HOXC4 in RASFs (de la Rica et al., 2013). ↓ IL-6 promoter in PBMCs (Ishida et al., 2012). ↑ IL-10 promoter in PBMCs (Fu et al., 2011). ↓ CXCL12 promoter in RASFs (Karouzakis et al., 2011). ↑ DUSP22 gene and ↓ GALNT9 gene in T cells (Glossop et al., 2014). ↑ CTLA-4 promoter in Treg cells (Cribbs et al., 2014.) ↑ EBF3 and IRX1 genes in RASFs (Park et al., 2013). |
↑ H3 acetylation in synovial fibroblasts (Wada et al., 2014) ↑ HDAC1 levels in synovial tissues (Hawtree et al., 2015; Horiuchi et al., 2009; Kawabata et al., 2010) ↑ HDAC3 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (Angiolilli et al., 2017) ↑ HDAC activity in synovial tissue (Huber et al., 2007) |
↑ miR-24, miR-26a, and miR-125a-5p in plasma (Murata et al., 2013). ↑ miRNA-146a and ↓ miR-363 and miR-498 in CD4+ T cells (Li et al., 2010). ↑ miR-146a in PBMCs and synovium (Niimoto et al., 2010). ↑ miR-155 in PBMCs (Li et al., 2013). ↓ miR-146a and miR-155 in Treg cells (Zhou et al., 2015). ↑ miR-346 in RASFs (Semaan et al., 2011). ↑ miR-18a in RASFs (Trenkmann et al., 2013). ↓ miR-21-5p in Treg cells of RA (Dong et al., 2014). ↓ miR-23b in RASFs (Zhu et al., 2012). ↑ miR-126a in CD4+ T cells (Yang et al., 2015). |
| SS | ↓ Type I IFN pathway genes promoter in CD19+ B cells (Imgenberg-Kreuz et al., 2016) ↓ CD70 promoter in CD4+ T cells (Yin et al., 2010) ↑ FOXP3 promoter in CD4+ T cells (Yu et al., 2013) ↓ STAT1, IFI44L, USP18, and IFITM1 promoter in naive CD4+ T cells (Altorok et al., 2014) ↓ PSMB8 and TAP1 promoter in labial salivary gland (Cole et al., 2016) ↓ KRT19 promoter in minor salivary glands (Konsta et al., 2016b, 2016a) ↓ global DNA methylation in SGECs (Thabet et al., 2013) |
↑ H3K27ac in promoters and H3K36me3 in enhancers of B cells and monocytes (Konsta et al., 2015) ↑ H3K4me1, H3K36me3 and H3K27ac at enhancer regions in PBMCs (Imgenberg-Kreuz et al., 2016) |
↑ miR-146a/b in PBMCs (Zilahi et al., 2012) ↑ miR-146 and ↓ miR-155 in PBMCs (Shi et al., 2014) ↓ miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-19b-1, and miR-92a-1 in salivary glands (Alevizos and Illei, 2010) ↑ miR-34b-3p, miR-4701-5p, miR-609, miR-300, miR-3162-3p, and miR-877-3p in monocytes (Williams et al., 2016) ↑ miR-16a in labial salivary gland (Wang et al., 2018) ↑ miR-155-5 p, miR-222-3p, miR-146a-5p in CD4+ T and ↑ miR-28-5p in B lymphocytes (Wang-Renault et al., 2018) ↓ let-7d-3p, miR-30c-5p, miR-378a-3p and in CD4+ T and ↓ miR-378a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-30b-5p and miR-19b-3p in B lymphocytes (Wang-Renault et al., 2018) ↑ miR-181a-5p in PBMCs and SGECs (Peng et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2018) ↑ miR-155 in PBMCs and SGECs (Le Dantec et al., 2012; Pauley et al., 2011) |
↑ means that it is up-regulated. ↓ means that it is down-regulated.