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. 2019 Nov 13;10:1203. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01203

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Group differences in the verbal fluency task fMRI activation maps between LEV, TPM, and ZNS. Group differences in fMRI activation maps during the verbal fluency task Significant group differences between patients on levetiracetam (LEV), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS) are demonstrated. Patients on TPM and ZNS have less activation in frontal and parietal cognitive networks than patients on LEV. In patients on TPM, activation is reduced in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and left dorsal parietal region (A). In patients on ZNS, activation is reduced in the left MFG and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), as well as the left dorsal parietal region (B). In terms of task-relevant deactivation networks, bilateral lateral temporal regions and rolandic opercula and the right inferior parietal lobule and supramarginal gyrus are less deactivated (blue) in patients on TPM compared to those on LEV (C). Compared to ZNS, TPM shows increased activation in the IFG, insular cortex, and rolandic operculum on the left and the insular cortex, inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and rolandic operculum on the right. Differences in the left are due mainly to increased activation of task-relevant regions as shown in red (inclusively masked with LEV activation maps); on the right, activated regions lie mainly within task-negative areas, i.e., are due to impaired deactivation as shown in blue (inclusively masked with LEV and ZNS deactivation maps) (D). p < 0.005, 20-voxel threshold extent. Reproduced from Wandschneider et al. (19).