Table 2.

Association of serum antioxidants with eGFR in all study participants.

Antioxidant	Unadjusted analysis			Adjusted analysis†
	β*	95% confidence intervals	P	β*	95% confidence intervals	P
Retinol (μmmol/L)	−1.363	−2.595, −0.131	0.03	−1.436	−2.598, −0.274	0.02
γ-Tocopherol (μmmol/L)	−0.069	−0.437, −0.299	0.71	−0.035	−0.398, 0.329	0.85
α-Tocopherol (μmmol/L)	0.013	−0.078, 0.103	0.79	0.048	−0.041, 0.136	0.29
Lutein (mmol/L)	0.050	0.023, 0.077	<0.01	0.041	0.015, 0.068	<0.01
Zeaxanthin (mmol/L)	0.123	0.012, 0.235	0.03	0.097	−0.014, 0.207	0.09
β−Cryptoxanthin (mmol/L)	0.030	−0.029, 0.089	0.32	0.048	−0.012, 0.107	0.12
α-Carotene (mmol/L)	0.019	−0.026, 0.065	0.41	0.028	−0.020, 0.075	0.25
β-Carotene (mmol/L)	0.005	−0.003, 0.014	0.21	0.008	0.000, 0.017	0.05
Lycopene (μmmol/L)	0.048	−1.622, 1.718	0.96	0.145	−1.637, 1.927	0.87

*Average increase in each serum antioxidant level per unit increase in eGFR.

^†Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age (years), gender, smoking (pack-years), the number of APOE4 alleles and Alzheimer’s disease status.