Table 1.

Overt hyperthyroidism and mental disorders (modified from reference [18]).

Study author and year	Study method	n	Mean Age (years)	Duration of follow up	Results
Kathol (1986) [19]	Questionnaire Case series	33 with newly diagnosed untreated hyperthyroidism	47	–	High levels of anxiety and depression found using a structured questionnaire.
Trzepacz (1988) [21]	Questionnaire Case series	13 with untreated newly diagnosed Graves’ disease	38.9	–	High levels of anxiety and depression as well as mild deficits in attention, memory and complex problem solving were found on neurophysical testing.
Gulseren (2006) [23]	Questionnaire Case control	160 51 with overt hyperthyroidism	Mean 42.3 in overt hyperthyroidism	–	Anxiety and depressive symptoms were more severe in patients with overt hyperthyroidism. Psychological symptoms improved with treatment.
Fornaro (2010) [24]	Interview Case series	218 women with endocrine disorders, 42 with hyperthyroidism	46.7	12 weeks	Women with hyperthyroidism were more likely to exhibit anxiety and panic disorders.
Chattopadhyay (2012) [25]	Interview Case control	36 with newly diagnosed Graves’ disease 30 controls	35.8	1 year	Greater frequency of anxiety disorders in patients with Graves’ disease. Improvement with anti-thyroid treatment.
Hu (2013) [26]	Interview Longitudinal	21, 574 with hyperthyroidism 21, 574 controls	41 (median)	5.98 (median)	Increased incidence of bipolar disorder in hyperthyroid group.
Wu (2013) [27]	Interview Longitudinal	761, 834 from general population database. 4593 with depressive disorder	≧18	5	Greater prevalence and incidence of hyperthyroidism in patients with depressive disorder.
Brandr (2014) [28]	Interview Longitudinal	2631 with hyperthyroidism 10, 524 controls Subgroup of 375 same-sex twins	67	6 years	Increased risk of being treated with antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics prior to diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Increased risk of hospitalization with psychiatric diagnoses and being treated with psychotropic medications after diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Increased psychiatric morbidity in hyperthyroid compared to euthyroid twins.