Table 2.

Case control studies about the role of emotional stresses on the onset of GD.

Author (year)	Relationship	Study method	Subjects (Number; Male, Female)	Period of stress evaluation/Thyroid status at the time of study
Gray et al. (1985) [49]	No	Interview Retrospective	Thyrotoxicosis (50; M39, F11) Non-toxic goiter (50; M45, F5)	6 months prior to the first symptoms Untreated patients
Winsa et al. (1991) [42]	Yes	Questionnaire Retrospective	Graves’ disease (208; M37, F171) Control (3 7 2)	1 year prior to diagnosis Less than 2 weeks after diagnosis
Sonin et al. (1993) [43]	Yes	Interview Retrospective	Graves’ disease (70; M12, F58) Control (70)	1 year prior to first signs Euthyroid after treatment
Kun (1995) [44]	Yes	Questionnaire Retrospective	Graves’ disease (95; M5, F80) Control (95)	1 year prior to diagnosis Untreated patients
Radosaljevic et al. (1996) [45]	Yes	Interview Retrospective	Graves’ disease (100; M7, F93) Control (1 0 0)	1 year prior to diagnosis Not available
Yoshiuchi et al. (1998) [46]	Yes	Questionnaire Retrospective	Graves’ disease (228; M46, F182) Control (2 2 8)	1 year prior to diagnosis Within 1 month of diagnosis
Martin-du Pan (1998) [50]	No		Graves’ disease (98; M12, F86) Hashimoto (95; M4, 女F91) Benign nodule (97; F97)
Chiovato et al. (1998) [51]	No	Thyroid function Prospective	Panic disorder (87; M17, F70) Control (2 6 2)	1–30 years No Graves’ disease
Matos-Santos et al. (2001) [47]	Yes	Interview Retrospective	Graves’ disease (31; M9, F22) Toxic nodular goiter (31) Control (31)	I year prior to first symptoms Euthyroid after treatment
Effraimidis et al. (2011) [52]	No	Questionnaire Prospective	Euthyroid women who were 1st and 2nd degree relatives of AITD patients (521; F521)	2.7 ± 1.5 years Untreated patients
Topcu et al. (2012) [48]	Yes	Interview Retrospective	Graves’ disease (45; M12, F33) Toxic nodular goiter (24; M7, F17) Control (36)	6 months prior to the first symptoms Or euthyroid after one year treatment