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. 2019 Nov 19;9:17097. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52853-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hazard ratios for offspring mortality against classes of maternal or paternal age. Parental age in years was put into classes of <20, 20–24, 25–29 (reference), 30–34, 35–39, 40–44 and ≥45 and each class was plotted at its median. Points, but not lines, are transposed horizontally by +/−0.5 years for clarity. The two oldest classes were combined for maternal age. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Primary analysis associations are shown with no adjustment and with adjustment for offspring sex, DOB, maternal and paternal occupational and educational SEP, offspring birth order, and the other parent’s parental age. Sibling comparison analyses are shown with adjustment for offspring sex and birth order. Selected causes of death; full results are shown in Supplementary Fig. S2.