Table 3.
Odds of reporting personal experiences of gender discrimination across institutional domains among a nationally representative sample of US women
| Employment | Education | Health care | Housing | Political participation | Police and courts | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applying for jobsb | Equal pay/promotionsc | College application/attendanced | Doctor or health clinic visits | Avoided doctor due to discrimination concerns | Trying to rent or buy a housee | Trying to vote or participate in politics | Interacting with Police | Unfairly stopped or treated by the police | Unfairly treated by the courts | Avoided calling the police due to discrimination concerns | |
| Na | 646 | 650 | 537 | 726 | 729 | 576 | 679 | 657 | 695 | 652 | 693 |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| Race/Ethnicityf | |||||||||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Hispanic/Latina | 1.04 (0.49, 2.22) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.04) | 1.30 (0.49, 3.45) | 1.95 (0.95, 4.01) | 3.69 * (1.59, 8.58) | 1.62 (0.65, 4.02) | 2.58 * (1.07, 6.22) | 1.12 (0.47, 2.69) | 0.84 (0.33, 2.10) | 1.79 (0.72, 4.49) | 1.07 (0.38, 2.97) |
| Black | 1.41 (0.67, 2.95) | 1.61 (0.87, 2.96) | 1.37 (0.60, 3.14) | 2.00 * (1.06, 3.74) | 2.23 (0.98, 5.06) | 2.30 * (1.06, 4.96) | 1.83 (0.76, 4.42) | 1.61 (0.74, 3.54) | 1.42 (0.62, 3.21) | 3.83 * (1.68, 8.75) | 1.31 (0.52, 3.29) |
| Asian | 0.76 (0.31, 1.84) | 0.88 (0.40, 1.92) | 1.11 (0.43, 2.85) | 0.36 * (0.13, 0.98) | 1.00 (0.27, 3.77) | 1.45 (0.52, 4.04) | 1.13 (0.37, 3.48) | 0.86 (0.28, 2.63) | 0.04 * (0.01, 0.33) | 1.06 (0.26, 4.39) | 0.54 (0.10, 2.96) |
| Native American | 2.56 * (1.09, 6.01) | 2.21 (0.96, 5.09) | 0.97 (0.35, 2.73) | 3.04 * (1.00, 9.20) | 5.97 * (2.00, 17.87) | 1.72 (0.50, 5.85) | 2.44 (0.74, 8.10) | 2.66 (0.97, 7.31) | 3.77 * (1.33, 10.70) | 5.57 * (1.96, 15.86) | 3.31 * (1.07, 10.22) |
| Sexual orientation/Gender identityg | |||||||||||
| Non‐LGBTQ | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| LGBTQ | 1.33 (0.58, 3.02) | 2.66 * (1.31, 5.40) | 0.57 (0.21, 1.52) | 1.39 (0.61, 3.20) | 1.95 (0.69, 5.47) | 0.61 (0.23, 1.61) | 1.50 (0.71, 3.15) | 1.26 (0.59, 2.68) | 1.79 (0.70, 4.61) | 2.18 (1.00, 4.75) | 1.74 (0.78, 3.89) |
| Education | |||||||||||
| <College | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| College+ | 1.45 (0.76, 2.76) | 1.59 (0.83, 3.03) | 1.70 (0.81, 3.58) | 3.07 * (1.52, 6.19) | 2.38 * (1.00, 5.63) | 0.85 (0.41, 1.76) | 1.79 (0.57, 5.59) | 1.21 (0.51, 2.83) | 1.25 (0.48, 3.28) | 1.49 (0.51, 4.40) | 1.41 (0.49, 4.08) |
| Income | |||||||||||
| $<25k | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| $25k‐<50k | 0.89 (0.36, 2.17) | 0.90 (0.38, 2.12) | 1.28 (0.46, 3.58) | 0.77 (0.34, 1.73) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.53) | 1.24 (0.46, 3.37) | 1.00 (0.40, 2.48) | 1.12 (0.45, 2.77) | 1.52 (0.57, 4.06) | 1.13 (0.44, 2.92) | 0.68 (0.21, 2.16) |
| $50k‐<75k | 1.05 (0.36, 3.09) | 1.54 (0.61, 3.89) | 0.33 (0.10, 1.04) | 0.54 (0.20, 1.46) | 0.52 (0.18, 1.54) | 0.52 (0.20, 1.36) | 0.93 (0.26, 3.38) | 0.84 (0.24, 2.97) | 1.91 (0.58, 6.24) | 0.60 (0.22, 1.63) | 0.33 (0.11, 1.00) |
| $75k+ | 0.86 (0.34, 2.16) | 0.86 (0.36, 2.09) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.54) | 1.69 (0.64, 4.49) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.09) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.13) | 1.28 (0.40, 4.02) | 0.39 (0.12, 1.21) | 0.36 (0.08, 1.51) | 0.36 (0.08, 1.67) | 0.28 (0.07, 1.21) |
| Age | |||||||||||
| 18‐29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30‐49 | 0.73 (0.27, 1.98) | 2.59 * (1.23, 5.45) | 0.34 (0.11, 1.05) | 0.45 (0.18, 1.11) | 0.40 (0.11, 1.48) | 0.86 (0.21, 3.46) | 0.50 (0.18, 1.36) | 1.54 (0.66, 3.55) | 1.37 (0.55, 3.43) | 1.87 (0.79, 4.43) | 1.47 (0.61, 3.54) |
| 50‐64 | 1.28 (0.42, 3.90) | 3.91 * (1.72, 8.92) | 0.48 (0.16, 1.47) | 0.53 (0.19, 1.44) | 1.12 (0.32, 3.88) | 0.44 (0.11, 1.79) | 0.85 (0.33, 2.19) | 2.07 (0.86, 4.98) | 1.32 (0.48, 3.62) | 4.35 * (1.90, 9.96) | 1.86 (0.70, 4.93) |
| 65+ | 0.27 * (0.08, 0.93) | 1.18 (0.51, 2.68) | 0.55 (0.14, 2.16) | 0.71 (0.29, 1.73) | 0.66 (0.19, 2.24) | 0.38 (0.09, 1.67) | 0.23 * (0.07, 0.77) | 0.13 * (0.04, 0.38) | 0.36 (0.11, 1.14) | 0.93 (0.30, 2.93) | 0.37 (0.07, 2.08) |
| Health insurance | |||||||||||
| Non‐Medicaid | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | Ref. | Ref. | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Medicaid | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | 1.14 (0.46, 2.88) | 1.69 (0.68, 4.18) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Uninsured | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | 8.06 * (2.44, 26.61) | 8.57 * (2.91, 25.24) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio.
Individual questions only asked among a randomized half sample of respondents. Don't know/refused responses coded as missing, except for race/ethnicity and sexual orientation/gender identity; “Other” race/ethnicity women and “Refused” sexual orientation/gender identity women included in the model but results are not reported.
Jobs question only asked among respondents who have ever applied for a job.
Equal pay question only asked among respondents who have ever been employed for pay.
College application/attendance only asked among respondents who have ever applied for college or attended college for any amount of time.
Housing question only asked among respondents who have ever tried to rent a room or apartment, or to apply for a mortgage or buy a home.
Whites, blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, Asians, and Native Americans. Also includes “Other Race/Ethnicity” not shown.
Non‐LGBTQ includes women who identify as heterosexual/straight and female gender, and did not identify as transgender or genderqueer/gender nonconforming. LGBTQ includes women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, queer, transgender, genderqueer, or gender nonconforming.
Significant at P < .05. Statistically significant values shown in bold font. Nationally representative sample of US women ages 18+.