Table 4.
Odds of reporting interpersonal experiences of gender discrimination across domains among a nationally representative sample of US women
| Microaggressionsb | Gender‐based slursb | Sexual harassmentc | Threatened or nonsexually harassedc | Violencec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | 730 | 731 | 692 | 693 | 694 |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Race/Ethnicityd | |||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Hispanic/Latina | 0.68 (0.31, 1.51) | 0.44 (0.16, 1.22) | 0.42 * (0.21, 0.85) | 0.93 (0.46, 1.87) | 1.06 (0.53, 2.10) |
| Black | 0.84 (0.42, 1.66) | 0.48 (0.20, 1.11) | 0.46 * (0.23, 0.93) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.83) | 1.57 (0.83, 2.98) |
| Asian | 0.37 * (0.17, 0.82) | 0.16 * (0.05, 0.50) | 0.19 * (0.08, 0.45) | 0.29 * (0.11, 0.76) | 0.26 * (0.07, 0.94) |
| Native American | 1.24 (0.33, 4.68) | 0.92 (0.18, 4.66) | 2.79 * (1.14, 6.80) | 4.52 * (1.90, 10.76) | 6.62 * (2.73, 16.05) |
| Sexual orientation/Gender identitye | |||||
| Non‐LGBTQ | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| LGBTQ | 1.21 (0.55, 2.68) | 1.51 (0.51, 4.45) | 2.16 * (1.06, 4.40) | 1.73 (0.82, 3.68) | 2.71 * (1.43, 5.16) |
| Education | |||||
| <College | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| College+ | 2.75 * (1.39, 5.42) | 4.44 * (2.08, 9.51) | 3.47 * (1.79, 6.71) | 3.05 * (1.57, 5.93) | 2.29 * (1.14, 4.60) |
| Income | |||||
| $<25k | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| $25k‐<50k | 1.42 (0.57, 3.56) | 0.82 (0.25, 2.74) | 1.38 (0.58, 3.24) | 2.46 * (1.07, 5.66) | 1.43 (0.61, 3.33) |
| $50k‐<75k | 2.73 (0.97, 7.69) | 1.74 * (0.51, 5.93) | 5.63 * (2.04, 15.53) | 4.68 * (1.96, 11.20) | 3.49 * (1.41, 8.63) |
| $75k+ | 1.56 (0.60, 4.05) | 0.88 (0.27, 2.81) | 1.33 (0.57, 3.13) | 1.68 (0.69, 4.07) | 1.08 (0.43, 2.71) |
| Age | |||||
| 18‐29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30‐49 | 0.48 (0.18, 1.30) | 0.19 * (0.06, 0.64) | 0.19 * (0.08, 0.43) | 0.31 * (0.14, 0.72) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.46) |
| 50‐64 | 0.21 * (0.08, 0.56) | 0.13 * (0.04, 0.40) | 0.17 * (0.07, 0.43) | 0.43 (0.17, 1.10) | 1.46 (0.67, 3.20) |
| 65+ | 0.16 * (0.05, 0.47) | 0.08 * (0.02, 0.28) | 0.04 * (0.01, 0.11) | 0.10 * (0.03, 0.29) | 0.38 * (0.15, 0.94) |
Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio.
Individual questions only asked among a randomized half sample of respondents. Don't know/refused responses coded as missing, except for race/ethnicity and sexual orientation/gender identity; “Other” race/ethnicity women and “Refused” sexual orientation/gender identity women included in the model but results are not reported.
Question wording: “In your day‐to‐day life, have any of the following things ever happened to you, or not?” and respondent indicated they had experienced this and believed this happened because they are a woman. Gender‐based slurs = someone referred to you or a group you belong to using a slur or other negative word; microaggressions = someone made negative assumptions or insensitive or offensive comments about you.
Question wording: “Do you believe that you or someone in your family who is also female has (_____) because you or they are a female?”
Whites, blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, Asians, and Native Americans. Also includes “Other Race/Ethnicity” not shown.
Non‐LGBTQ includes women who identify as heterosexual/straight and female gender, and did not identify as transgender or genderqueer/gender nonconforming. LGBTQ includes women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, queer, transgender, genderqueer, or gender nonconforming.
Significant at P < .05. Statistically significant values shown in bold font. Nationally representative sample of US women ages 18+.