Table 2.
Unadjusted differences between white and Asian adults in reporting discrimination because of race, overall and by geographic heritage groups
| Subject of discriminationa | Nd | Race/ethnicity | Geographic heritage groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whitesb | All Asiansc | East Asiane | South Asianf | Southeast Asiang | |||
| Belief in overall discrimination | |||||||
| General belief that discrimination against [your race] exists today in the United Statesh | All adults | 1402 | 55 | 61 (P = .160) | 62 (P = .175) | 65 (P = .088) | 56 (P = .898) |
| Personal experiences of institutional discrimination | |||||||
| Ever experienced institutional discrimination | You or family member | 1402 | 22 | 37 n (P < .001) | 39 n (P < .001) | 46 n (P < .001) | 25 (P = .658) |
| Employment | |||||||
| Being paid equally or considered for promotionsi | You | 619 | 13 | 25 (P = .012) | 24 (P = .097) | 34 (P = .014) | 13 (P = .940) |
| Applying for jobsj | You | 621 | 19 | 27 (P = .120) | 27 (P = .195 | 34 (P = .066) | 13 (P = .364) |
| Education | |||||||
| Applying to or while attending collegek | You | 612 | 11 | 19 (P = .055) | 25 (P = .061) | 15 (P = .433) | 20 (P = .261) |
| Health care | |||||||
| Going to a doctor or health clinic | You | 745 | 5 | 13 (P = .011) | 11 (P = .218) | 17 (P = .058) | 15 (P = .092) |
| Housing | |||||||
| Trying to rent a room/apartment or buy a housel | You | 624 | 5 | 25 n (P < .001) | 24 (P = .009) | 24 (P = .012) | 30 (P = .013) |
| Political participation | |||||||
| Trying to vote or participate in politics | You | 657 | 4 | 7 (P = .221) | 5 (P = .692) | 13 (P = .137) | 7 (P = .592) |
| Police and courts | |||||||
| Interacting with police | You | 657 | 10 | 18 (P = .041) | 15 (P = .265) | 25 (P = .049) | 17 (P = .407) |
| Unfairly stopped or treated by the police | You or family member | 657 | 6 | 12 (P = .116) | 5 (P = .676) | 25 (P = .017) | 7 (P = .934) |
| Unfairly treated by the courts | You or family member | 657 | 7 | 6 (P = .715) | 4 (P = .394) | 7 (P = .997) | 5 (P = .648) |
| Personal experiences of interpersonal discrimination m | |||||||
| Ever experienced interpersonal discrimination | You or family member | 1402 | 27 | 35 (P = .014) | 36 (P = .038) | 41 (P = .014) | 28 (P = .786) |
| Microaggressions | You | 745 | 19 | 35 (P < .001) | 33 (P = .030) | 45 n (P < .001) | 24 (P = .540) |
| Racial slurs | You | 745 | 23 | 32 (P = .053) | 36 (P = .064) | 36 (P = .083) | 25 (P = .827) |
| Racial fear | You | 745 | 7 | 8 (P = .756) | 7 (P = .975) | 13 (P = .149) | 4 (P = .343) |
| Violence | You or family member | 657 | 13 | 10 (P = .306) | 10 (P = .586) | 13 (P = .988) | 7 (P = .165) |
| Threatened or nonsexually harassed | You or family member | 657 | 16 | 21 (P = .237) | 23 (P = .243) | 22 (P = .398) | 18 (P = .854) |
| Sexual harassment | You or family member | 657 | 9 | 8 (P = .706) | 8 (P = .763) | 6 (P = .526) | 11 (P = .739) |
| Actions based on concerns about discrimination | |||||||
| Avoided doctor or health care because of concerns of discrimination/poor treatment | You or family member | 745 | 3 | 9 (P = .017) | 14 (P = .039) | 9 (P = .138) | 5 (P = .488) |
| Avoided calling the police because of concerns of discrimination | You or family member | 657 | 2 | 8 (P = .041) | 8 (P = .118) | 11 (P = .138) | 5 (P = .457) |
Questions about you are personal experiences only; questions about you or family member ask if items have happened to you or a family member because you or they are [Asian OR white]; all adults asked about discrimination against [Asian Americans or whites] in America today.
Individual questions only asked among a randomized subsample of half of respondents within each race category. Don't know/refused responses included in the total for unadjusted estimates.
Non‐Hispanic white adults aged 18+.
Non‐Hispanic Asian adults aged 18+.
East Asians include adults who report being of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese heritage.
South Asians include adults who report being of Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan heritage.
Southeast Asians include adults who report being of Filipino, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Indonesian, Laotian, and Malaysian heritage.
Question asked as “Generally speaking, do you believe there is or is not discrimination against [Asian Americans OR whites] in America today?”
Equal pay question only asked among respondents who have ever been employed for pay.
Jobs question only asked among respondents who have ever applied for a job.
College application/attendance was only asked among respondents who have ever applied for college or attended college for any amount of time.
Housing question only asked among respondents who have ever tried to rent a room or apartment, or to apply for a mortgage or buy a home.
Question wording: “In your day‐to‐day life, have any of the following things ever happened to you [or a family member], or not?” and respondent indicated they had experienced this and believed this happened because you [or they] are [Asian American OR white]. Racial slurs = someone referred to you or a group you belong to using a slur or other negative word; microaggressions = someone made negative assumptions or insensitive or offensive comments about you; people acted afraid = people acted as if they were afraid of you.
Significantly different from whites at α = 0.05 using the Holm‐Bonferroni method to sequentially correct for 80 comparisons between groups and models (shown in bold).