Table 3.

Odds of reporting personal experiences of racial discrimination across institutional domains among a sample of Asian adults in the United States

	Employment		Education	Health care		Housing	Political participation	Police and courts
	Equal pay/promotionsb	Applying for jobsc	College application/attendanced	Doctor or health clinic visits	Avoided doctor due to discrimination concerns	Trying to rent or buy a housee	Trying to vote or participate in politics	Interacting with police	Unfairly stopped or treated by the police	Unfairly treated by the courts	Avoided calling the police due to discrimination concerns
Na	149	150	152	182	183	145	158	164	171	—	168
OR (95% CI)
Genderf
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	—	Ref
Female	1.31 (0.46, 3.78)	1.56 (0.60, 4.07)	1.55 (0.55, 4.33)	5.06 (1.13, 22.65)	0.95 (0.26, 3.55)	4.02 (1.13, 14.37)	0.55 (0.13, 2.26)	2.60 (0.82, 8.26)	2.21 (0.69, 7.04)	—	2.11 (0.43, 10.42)
Age	1.02 (0.99, 1.05)	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	1.02 (0.98, 1.06)	1.02 (0.99, 1.06)	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	0.98 (0.95, 1.00)	0.96 (0.92, 1.00)	—	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)
Education
<College	Ref	Ref	Ref	—	—	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	—	Ref
College+	1.35 (0.41, 4.51)	1.05 (0.38, 2.91)	0.91 (0.28, 3.06)	—	—	2.96 (0.66, 11.22)	4.59 (1.18, 17.85)	1.84 (0.39, 8.63)	1.29 (0.30, 5.60)	—	0.91 (0.23, 3.62)
Income
<$50 k	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	—	Ref
≥$50 k	2.91 (0.81, 10.52)	0.56 (0.19, 1.62)	2.86 (0.62, 13.27)	0.84 (0.14, 5.06)	0.57 (0.11, 2.94)	0.74 (0.20, 2.77)	0.15 (0.03, 0.74)	2.41 (0.53, 10.94)	1.73 (0.39, 7.69)	—	0.34 (0.05, 2.17)
Geographic heritage groupg
East Asianh	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	—	Ref
South Asiani	1.26 (0.49, 3.20)	1.39 (0.52, 3.71)	0.48 (0.17, 1.40)	4.45 (0.63, 31.44)	0.95 (0.22, 4.16)	2.12 (0.52, 8.71)	1.92 (0.48, 7.64)	1.00 (0.34, 2.89)	4.03 (1.16, 14.02)	—	2.00 (0.54, 7.46)

Nationally representative sample of Asian adults aged 18+. Responses to questions of unfair treatment by the court system could not be modeled due to small sample size and the rarity of affirmative responses to this question. Education could not be added as a covariate to models of discrimination in healthcare settings due to the rarity of affirmative responses to this question among those with less than a four‐year college degree.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

^aIndividual questions only asked among a randomized subsample of half of respondents. Don't know/refused responses coded as missing.

^bEqual pay question only asked among respondents who have ever been employed for pay.

^cJobs question only asked among respondents who have ever applied for a job.

^dCollege application/attendance was only asked among respondents who have ever applied for college or attended college for any amount of time.

^eHousing question only asked among respondents who have ever tried to rent a room or apartment, or to apply for a mortgage or buy a home.

^fGender indicates self‐ or interviewer‐reported gender of respondent.

^gSoutheast Asians were omitted from this analysis due to sample size limitations. Results here reflect comparisons between East and South Asians only.

^hEast Asians include adults who report being of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Taiwanese heritage.

ⁱSouth Asians include adults who report being of Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, or Sri Lankan heritage.

Even though the lower bound confidence intervals for some estimates are above 1, after using the Holm‐Bonferroni method to sequentially correct for 48 comparisons between groups and models, no estimates in this model remained statistically significant at α<0.05.