Table 1.
Quality appraisal scores on the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool.
| Study | Total score (maximum=40) | Star scorea | Preamble | Introduction | Design | Sample | Data | Ethic | Result | Discussion |
| van Lint et al (2015) [73] | 33 | 4-star | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Blakeman et al (2014) [70] | 32 | 4-star | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Ong et al (2016) [75] | 32 | 4-star | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Forni Ogna et al (2013) [66] | 31 | 3-star | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Ishani et al (2016) [34] | 31 | 3-star | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Stark et al (2011) [63] | 30 | 3-star | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| McGillicuddy et al (2013) [36] | 30 | 3-star | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Hayashi et al (2017) [76] | 30 | 3-star | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Diamantidis et al (2013) [65] | 29 | 3-star | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Reese et al (2017) [35] | 29 | 3-star | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Dey et al (2016) [74] | 28 | 3-star | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Berman et al (2011) [59] | 27 | 3-star | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Rifkin et al (2013) [33] | 27 | 3-star | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Welch et al (2013) [69] | 27 | 3-star | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Connelly et al (2012) [64] | 26 | 2-star | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Neumann et al (2013) [68] | 26 | 2-star | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Liu et al (2017) [77] | 25 | 2-star | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Diamantidis et al (2015) [72] | 24 | 2-star | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Minatodani et al (2013) [58] | 23 | 2-star | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Sevick et al (2005) [60] | 22 | 2-star | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Harrington et al (2014) [71] | 20 | 1-star | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Gallar et al (2007) [61] | 18 | 1-star | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Heiden et al (2013) [67] | 18 | 1-star | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Whitten et al (2008) [62] | 14 | 1-star | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
a1-star: more than 1 SD below mean; 2-star, between 1 SD below mean and mean; 3-star, between mean and 1 SD above mean; 4-star, more than 1 SD above mean.