Table 2.
Previous research on phenolic compounds and bioactivity of berry seeds.
| Fruit Seeds | Extraction Solvents | Total Phenolics a | Individual Phenolics | Bioactivity b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilberry | |||||
| Vaccinium myrtillus | water | 2.3 mg GAE/g dry extract | not determined |
Anti-oxidative activity TEAC (0.1 and 82 μmol TE/g dry extract in n-hexane and distilled water, respectively) |
[159] |
| seed oil, Vaccinium myrtillus | not determined | not determined |
Anti-oxidative activity OOR• scavenging (519 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (1188 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| seed oil, Vaccinium myrtillus | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity DPPH (EC50 = 5.5–9.5 mg oil/mL) |
[164] | |
| Blackberry | |||||
| Rubus spp. | methanol:acetone:water (7:7:6, v/v/v), acetone:water (8:2, v/v), methanol:water (7:3, v/v), water, diethyl ether:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) | 13 mg GAE/g dry extract | protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, gallic hexoside, caffeic acid, syringic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, B-type procyanidin dimmers, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-glucoronide, quercetin pentose, myricetin, peonidin 3-O-glucoside |
Antioxidant activity OH• scavenging (125 μmol TE/g dry extract), ORAC (60 μmol TE/g dry extract), Reducing power (88 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition against human LDL-cholesterol oxidation (21–60% from 0 to 22 h), Iron(II) chelating (199 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition of OH• and OOR• induced supercoiled DNA strand scission (85–95% for OH•, and 90–95% for OOR•) |
[19] |
| Rubus ulmifolius | methanol | 171 mg GAE/g dry seeds | cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose |
Antioxidant activity DPPH (93, 96, and 98% radicals scavenged at 42, 83, 167 μg/mL of extracts, respectively; EC50 = 1 μg/mL) Anti-inflammatory activity Strong inhibitory effects on the production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators (NO, CCL-20) |
[165] |
|
Rubus fruticosus 3 cultivars |
methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | not determined | Ellagitannins (41 compounds), ellagic acid derivatives (10), gallic acid derivatives (4), protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid | Protective effect on chromosome aberrations in peripheral human lymphocytes | [166] |
| seed oil, Rubus fruticosus | methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | 5.6–9.1 mg CAE/g oil | p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, vanillin |
Antioxidant activity FRAP (0.3 FeSO4 equivalent (μmol/L)/g oil) |
[167] |
| Blueberry | |||||
| Vaccinium spp. | methanol:acetone:water (7:7:6, v/v/v), acetone:water (8:2, v/v), methanol:water (7:3, v/v), water, diethyl ether:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) | 2 mg GAE/g dry extract | protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, gallic hexoside, caffeic acid, syringic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, B-type procyanidin dimmers, quercetin, quercetin pentose, myricetin, kaempferol hexoside, delphinidin 3-O-hexoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-acetyl)galactoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-arabinoside, petunidin 3-O-galactoside, petunidin 3-O-arabinoside |
Antioxidant activity OH• scavenging (37 μmol TE/g dry extract), ORAC (5 μmol TE/g dry extract), Reducing power (60 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition against human LDL-cholesterol oxidation (6–49% from 0 to 22 h), Iron(II) chelating (12 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition of OH• and OOR• induced supercoiled DNA strand scission (50–70% for OH•, and 55–75% for OOR•) |
[19] |
| seed oil, Vaccinium corymbosum | methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | 8.8–9.5 mg CAE/g oil | homovanillic acid, vanillin |
Antioxidant activity FRAP (0.26–0.41 FeSO4 equivalent (μmol/L)/g oil) |
[167] |
| seed flour, Vaccinium corymbosum | acetone:water (1:1, v/v) | 16 mg GAE/g seed flour | not determined |
Antioxidant activity ORAC (153 μmol TE/g seed flour), DPPH (ED50 = 670 μg flour equivalents/mL), Iron(II) chelating (1.9 mg EDTA equivalents/g seed flour) |
[168] |
| Cloudberry | |||||
| Rubus chamaemorus, after fermentation | acetone:water (7:3, v/v) | 457 mg/g dry extracts (measured by HPLC) | ellagic acid, ellagic acid glycosides, sanguiin H10, casuarictin/potentillin, lambertianin C, sanguiin H6, sanguiin H2, ferulic acid, quercetin 3-O-[6″-(3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaroyl)-β-glucoside], quercetin-3-O-glucuronide |
Anti-bacterial activity Staphylococcus aureus (very strong inhibition), Escherichia coli (strong inhibition), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (clear inhibition), Candida albicans (no inhibitory effects), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (no inhibitory effects) Anti-inflammatory activity significantly reduced NO and IL-6 production and iNOS expression in activated macrophages |
[171] |
| seed oil, Rubus chamaemorus | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (1157 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (650 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| Cranberry | |||||
| Vaccinium oxycoccus | water | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity TEAC (0.1 and 50 μmol TE/g dry extract in n-hexane and distilled water, respectively) |
[159] |
| seed oil, Vaccinium macrocarpon | methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | 11.0–11.3 mg CAE/g oil | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol, p-coumaric acid, homovanillic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid |
Antioxidant activity FRAP (0.27–0.29 FeSO4 equivalent (μmol/L)/g oil) |
[167] |
| seed flour, Vaccinium macrocarpon | acetone:water (1:1, v/v) | 15 mg GAE/g seed flour | not determined |
Antioxidant activity ORAC (111 μmol TE/g seed flour), DPPH (ED50 = 1260 μg flour equivalents/mL), Iron(II) chelating (2.1 mg EDTA equivalents/g seed flour) Anti-proliferative activity significant inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation |
[168] |
| seed oil, Vaccinium oxycoccos | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (1543 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (399 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| seed oil, Vaccinium macrocarpon | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (975 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (338 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| Currant | |||||
| black, Ribes nigrum 5 cultivars |
acetone:water (1:1, v/v) | 1.6–2.3 mg GAE/g dry seed residues | delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, myricetin 3-O-glucoside, myricetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaroyl glycoside |
Antioxidant activity ABTS (14–17 μmol TE/g dry seed residues), DPPH (11–13 μmol TE/g dry seed residues) |
[170] |
| black, Ribes nigrum | water | 0.9–1.8 mg GAE/g dry extract | not determined |
Antioxidant activity TEAC (0.6–0.7 and 26–60 μmol TE/g dry extract in n-hexane and distilled water, respectively) |
[159] |
| black, seed oil, Ribes nigrum | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (1068 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (478 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| Elderberry | |||||
| Sambucus nigra | methanol | 54 mg GAE/g dry seeds | cyaniding 3-O-sambubioside -5-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside |
Antioxidant activity DPPH (42, 55, 82% radicals scavenged at 42, 83, 167 μg/mL of extracts, respectively; EC50 = 82 μg/mL) Anti-inflammatory activity No inhibitory effects on the production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators (NO, CCL-20) |
[165] |
| Sambucus nigra | water | 1.5 mg GAE/g dry extract | not determined |
Antioxidant activity TEAC (0.8 and 30 μmol TE/g dry extract in n-hexane and distilled water, respectively) |
[159] |
| Lingonberry | |||||
| seed oil, Vaccinium vitis-idaea | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (299 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (329 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| Raspberry | |||||
| black, Rubus spp. | methanol:acetone:water (7:7:6, v/v/v), acetone:water (8:2, v/v), methanol:water (7:3, v/v), water, diethyl ether:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) | 7 mg GAE/g dry extract | protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, gallic hexoside, caffeic acid, syringic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, B-type procyanidin dimmers, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-glucoronide, quercetin pentose, myricetin, peonidin 3-O-glucoside |
Antioxidant activity OH• scavenging (67 μmol TE/g dry extract), ORAC (47 μmol TE/g dry extract), Reducing power (60 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition against human LDL-cholesterol oxidation (18–57% from 0 to 22 h), Iron(II) chelating (69 μmol TE/g dry extract), Inhibition of OH• and OOR• induced supercoiled DNA strand scission (60-80% for OH•, and 80-85% for OOR•) |
[19] |
| seed oil, Rubus spp. | methanol | 2.7 mg CAE/100 g oil | not determined |
Antioxidant activity Inhibitory effects on the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase |
[160] |
| red, seed oil, Rubus idaeus | methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | 8.4 mg CAE/g oil | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol |
Antioxidant activity FRAP (0.34 FeSO4 equivalent (μmol/L)/g oil) |
[167] |
| black, seed flour, Rubus occidentalis | acetone:water (1:1, v/v) | 41 mg GAE/g seed flour | not determined |
Antioxidant activity ORAC (296 μmol TE/g seed flour), DPPH (ED50 = 200 μg flour equivalents/mL), Iron(II) chelating (3.6 mg EDTA equivalents/g seed flour) Anti-proliferative activity significant inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation |
[168] |
| red, seed flour, Rubus ideaus | acetone:water (1:1, v/v) | 25 mg GAE/g seed flour | not determined |
Antioxidant activity ORAC (276 μmol TE/g seed flour), DPPH (ED50 = 510 μg flour equivalents/mL), Iron(II) chelating (3.9 mg EDTA equivalents/g seed flour) |
[168] |
| seed oil, Rubus idaeus | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (2315 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (424 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] | |
| Sea buckthorn | |||||
| Hippophaë rhamnoides | ethanol:water (1:9, v/v) | 120 mg GAE/g dry extract | tannins, gallic acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside |
Antioxidant activity DPPH (529 mg TE/g dry extract), FRAP (454 mg TE/g dry extract) Anti-bacterial activity Enterecoccus durans (68% inhibition percentage), Candida albicans (68%), Bacillus cereus (64%), Staphylococcus aureus (41%), Escherichia coli (38%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28%) |
[161] |
| Hippophaë rhamnoides | ethanol | 9.4–23.5 mg GAE/g dry seeds | quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin, myricetin, isorhamnetin |
Antioxidant activity ABTS (44–182 μmol TE/g dry seeds), DPPH (128–283 μmol TE/g dry seeds) |
[162] |
| seed oil, Hippophaë rhamnoides | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (1323 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (245 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of LDL oxidation (IC50 = 2.0 μL oil/mg LDL), O2•- scavenging (IC50 = 2 g oil/L), Inhibition against DNA oxidation (protective effects on purified DNA and rat liver homogenate from UV-induced DNA oxidation in vitro) |
[163] | |
| Strawberry | |||||
| seed oil, Fragaria × ananassa | methanol | 1.8 mg CAE/100 g oils | not determined |
Antioxidant activity Inhibitory effects on the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase |
[160] |
| Fragaria × ananassa | water | 1.7 mg GAE/g dry extract | not determined | not determined | [159] |
| seed oil, Fragaria × ananassa | methanol:water (1:1, v/v) | 9.3–10.4 mg CAE/g oil | p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol, homovanillic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin. |
Antioxidant activity FRAP (0.24–0.30 FeSO4 equivalent (μmol/L)/g oil) |
[167] |
| seed oil, Fragaria × ananassa | not determined | not determined |
Antioxidant activity OOR• scavenging (296 μmol α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g oil), Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (1015 μmol trolox equivalent/100 g oil) |
[163] |
Note: a GAE means gallic acid equivalents, CAE means caffeic acid equivalents; b TE means trolox equivalents.