Table 4.
Larvicidal activities (LC50 and LC90, μg/mL) of Piper essential oils from central Vietnam.
| Mosquito Species | Piper species | ||||||
| P. arboricola | P. arboricola | P. cambodianum | P. caninum | P. longum | P. mekongense | P. montium | |
| Leaves | Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | |
| Aedes aegypti | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | 26.85 (24.55–29.52) | 28.45 (26.54–30.77) | 8.861 (7.012–10.650) | 1.376 (1.252–1.513) | 5.342 (4.950–5.757) | 40.16 (37.09–42.88) | 1.964 (1.778–2.169) |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | 47.83 (37.83–71.41) | 41.88 (37.37–49.09) | 36.42 (29.16–49.60) | 2.419 (2.126–2.887) | 7.730 (7.006–8.955) | 52.66 (49.13–57.71) | 3.743 (3.273–4.472) |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | 15.59 (12.46–18.32) | 26.60 (24.51–28.97) | 6.773 (4.957–8.467) | 1.304 (1.183–1.437) | 4.979 (4.608–5.377) | 36.91 (34.35–39.56) | 1.533 (1.376–1.703) |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | 46.24 (40.60–55.31) | 39.79 (35.89–46.73) | 30.62 (24.39–42.18) | 2.351 (2.060–2.822) | 7.354 (6.659–8.469) | 50.00 (46.18–55.42) | 3.127 (2.714–3.773) |
| Aedes albopictus | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 34.20 (31.90–36.73) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 45.98 (42.28–51.38) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 31.13 (29.15–33.70) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 40.82 (37.09–47.24) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| Culex quinquefasciatus | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 56.16 (51.10–61.54) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 104.7 (93.0–121.7) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 51.21 (46.52–56.27) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 97.91 (86.55–114.54) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| Mosquito Species | Piper species | Permethrin | |||||
| P. montium | P. mutabile | P. nigrum | P. rubrum | P. rubrum | P. sarmentosum | ||
| Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves & Stems | Leaves | Stems | Leaves & Stems | ||
| Aedes aegypti | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | 1.925 (1.771–2.092) | 1.850 (1.715–1.997) | 8.805 (7.905–9.811) | 24.98 (22.74–27.48) | 30.87 (28.66–33.32) | 22.82 (17.73–27.91) | 6.4 × 10−4 (5.5 × 10−4–7.5 × 10−4) |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | 3.180 (2.784–3.793) | 2.696 (2.442–3.108) | 18.83 (16.15–23.13) | 43.70 (38.35–52.39) | 45.54 (40.14–54.01) | 130.6 (88.7–256.8) | 2.5 × 10−3 (1.9 × 10−3–3.44 × 10−3) |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | 1.691 (1.531–1.867) | 1.695 (1.544–1.842) | 6.909 (6.149–7.720) | 22.15 (20.19–24.25) | 26.09 (23.83–28.63) | 18.42 (12.97–23.48) | N.T. |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | 3.024 (2.714–3.509) | 2.641 (2.367–3.122) | 15.49 (13.28–19.03) | 37.18 (32.97–43.97) | 44.80 (40.63–51.40) | 126.8 (90.1–220.9) | N.T. |
| Aedes albopictus | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 43.92 (40.18–47.95) | N.T. | N.T. | 49.24 (44.72–53.99) | 2.3 × 10−3 (2.1 × 10−3–2.6 × 10−3) |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 74.25 (66.15–86.73) | N.T. | N.T. | 90.30 (80.19–105.31) | 4.2 × 10−3 (3.8 × 10−3–4.9 × 10−3) |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 39.19 (35.75–42.86) | N.T. | N.T. | 38.33 (33.62–42.97) | N.T. |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | 67.14 (59.57–79.16) | N.T. | N.T. | 86.32 (74.63–104.92) | N.T. |
| Culex quinquefasciatus | |||||||
| 24-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | 1.7 × 10−2 (1.5 × 10−2–1.8 × 10−2) |
| 24-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | 2.9 × 10−2 (2.7 × 10−2–3.3 × 10−2) |
| 48-h LC50 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
| 48-h LC90 (95% confidence) | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. | N.T. |
N.T. = Not tested.