AKD	alkylketene dimer
ASV	anodic stripping voltammetry
AuNP	gold nanoparticles
BNC	Bayonet Neill–Concelman
CFU	colony forming units
CL	chemiluminescence
CV	cyclic voltammetry
E. coli	Escherichia coli
EDC	ethyl-3-(3-dimethy-laminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
EIP	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
EIS	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
f-MWCNT	functionalised- multiwall carbon nanotube
FOCS	fiber-optic chemical sensor
GCE	glassy carbon electrode
GF	graphene foam
LCR	inductance, capacitance, resistance
LEDs	light-emitting diodes
LoC	Lab-on-a-chip
LOD	limit of detection
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LTTC	low-temperature co-fired ceramics
MB	methylene blue
MCL	maximum contamination level
MLB	magnetically labelled bacteria
MSQ	methylsilsesquioxane
MUA	11-mercaptoundecanoic acid
MWCNTs	multiwall carbon nanotubes
NHS	n-hydrosuccinimide
NiR	nitrate reductase
OCC	occult cancer
PDMS	polydimethylsiloxane
PMMA	polymethylmethacrylate
pDEP	positive dielectrophoretic
POC	point-of-care
QRE	quasi-reference electrode
RGO	reduced graphene oxide
SAM	self-assembled monolayer
SERS	surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SPR	surface plasmon resonance
S. aureus	Staphylococcus aureus
SWASV	square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry
SWCNTs	single-walled carbon nanotubes
SWV	square-wave voltammetry
$\mathsf{\mu }$PADs	paper-based analytical devices
$\mathsf{\mu }$PED	microfluidic paper-based electrochemical sensing device