Table 4.
Regression marginal effects estimates
| Characteristic | Marginal Effect Estimate |
|---|---|
| (95% CI) | |
| Age | |
| 13–17 | −10.83 (−11.87, −9.80) |
| 18–39 | ref |
| 40–64 | 0.27 (−0.84, 1.38) |
| Male gender | 1.15 (0.19, 2.11) |
| Race | |
| White | ref |
| Black | −2.4 (−3.92, −0.88) |
| Hispanic | −2.48 (−3.86, −1.11) |
| Asian/Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | −5.47 (−7.59, −3.35) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | −0.18 (−2.86, 2.49) |
| Other/Unknown | −3.03 (−4.42, −1.63) |
| Qualified for Medicaid under disability | 1.78 (0.53, 3.04) |
| Qualified for Medicaid under expansion | 1.68 (0.55, 2.80) |
| Coverage type | |
| Fee-for-service | ref |
| Managed care | −2.43 (−4.24, −0.62) |
| History of physical health conditions | |
| Cardiovascular | 1.78 (0.51, 3.04) |
| Skeletal and connective tissue | 7.85 (6.59, 9.11) |
| Nervous System | 0.98 (−0.92, 2.87) |
| Pulmonary | 2.1 (0.81, 3.40) |
| Gastrointestinal | 1.46 (0.13, 2.78) |
| Diabetes | 1.34 (−0.45, 3.14) |
| Skin | 1.45 (0.05, 2.85) |
| Renal | 2.27 (−0.42, 4.96) |
| Genital | 4.77 (2.56, 6.98) |
| Metabolic | 1.94 (−0.32, 4.20) |
| Pregnancy | 0.31 (−1.68, 2.30) |
| Hematologic | 1.9 (−2.11, 5.90) |
| Infectious | 1.93 (−0.27, 4.14) |
| Other Physical Health Condition | −3.86 (−6.26, −1.47) |
| History of other behavioral health | |
| Alcohol disorder | 1.51 (−0.28, 3.30) |
| Anxiety | 3.03 (1.62, 4.44) |
| Bipolar disorder | −0.39 (−2.34, 1.56) |
| Disorders originating in childhood | −2.16 (−4.29, −0.02) |
| Dysthymia or other depression | 0.8 (−0.53, 2.14) |
| Major depression | 0.84 (−0.81, 2.49) |
| Schizophrenia or other non-mood disorder | −1.92 (−4.57, 0.73) |
| Other Behavioral health disorders | 3.28 (2.00, 4.57) |
| Pain-related or injury diagnoses at visit | |
| Kidney stone | −1.87 (−4.27, 0.54) |
| Injury | −0.83 (−1.83, 0.18) |
| Back pain | 2.28 (0.91, 3.65) |
| Neck pain | 2.74 (0.56, 4.92) |
| Arthritis/joint pain | 2.57 (1.16, 3.99) |
| Non-traumatic dental pain | 2.5 (0.85, 4.16) |
| Other pain | 0.95 (−0.93, 2.82) |
| History of substance use disorder | |
| Opioids | 4.56 (0.53, 8.59) |
| Cannabis | −1.72 (−4.62, 1.19) |
| Amphetamines | −1.79 (−4.70, 1.12) |
| Tobacco | 2.01 (0.56, 3.46) |
| Other Substance Use Disorders | 1.09 (−0.86, 3.05) |
| Medications | |
| History of prescribed benzodiazepines | 7.05 (3.56, 10.54) |
| Total MME prescribed at visit | |
| under 150 | ref |
| 150–350 | 4.47 (3.20, 5.74) |
| 350 and over | 19.32 (14.64, 24.00) |