Table 1.

Studies to control intestinal gut metabolites useful in endothelial dysfunction related cardiovascular diseases.

Disorder	Model	Metabolite(s)	Intervention	Prevalent Mechanism	Reference
Coronary artery disease	Mouse cells and tissue	TMAO	DMB	Inhibition of foam cell formation	[56]
			FMO3 silencing or inhibition		[78]
			Resveratrol		[63]
	Mouse tissue	-	Probiotics	Reduce vascular inflammation	[79]
Hypertension	Mouse	SCFA	SCFA	Activation of G-protein coupled receptor-41	[45,80]
	Mouse tissue	SCFA	High-fiber diet	Increased SCFA-producing bacteria	[81,82,83,84,85,86]
	Human hypertensive patients	-	Dietary fibers, probiotics	Regulation of renin–angiotensin system.	[86,87,88,89,90]
	Human hypertensive patients	-	Minocycline, Vancomycin	Increased the diversity of GM and reduced Firmicutes	[36,91]
Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction	Spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR)	-	Gallic acid	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition	[92]
Endothelial dysfunction	Cultured cells	Uremic toxins	Caffeic acid	Increased NO production and reduced ROS	[76]