. 2019 Oct 23;24(21):3826. doi: 10.3390/molecules24213826

Table 1.

Content of triterpenoids in cuticular waxes during lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea fruit development.

Compound	Content [mg/g Wax Extract ± SD (Standard Deviation)]
Compound	June	July	August
α-amyrin/lupeol	50.89 ± 5.25^a	53.18 ± 5.62^a	59.01 ± 6.40^a
β-amyrin	6.11 ± 0.59^a	8.28 ± 0.90^b	10.78 ± 1.14^c
betulin	0.37 ± 0.04^a	1.46 ± 0.12^b	4.66 ± 0.42^c
erythrodiol	0.44 ± 0.05^a	0.81 ± 0.09^b	1.03 ± 0.11^c
fernenol	13.26 ± 1.24^a	15.12 ± 1.50^a	17.44 ± 1.68^a
friedelin	3.14 ± 0.33^a	5.26 ± 0.48^b	7.82 ± 0.84^c
oleanolic aldehyde	0.34 ± 0.03^a	1.12 ± 0.12^b	2.48 ± 0.25^c
svertenol	3.12 ± 0.29^a	4.68 ± 0.42^b	5.26 ± 0.58^b
taraxasterol	1.48 ± 0.13^a	2.93 ± 0.27^b	3.18 ± 0.32^c
ursolic aldehyde	2.08 ± 0.18^a	4.15 ± 0.38^b	6.24 ± 0.52^c
uvaol	0.50 ± 0.05^a	2.01 ± 0.23^b	4.75 ± 0.49^c
Sum of neutral pentacyclic triterpenoids	8.73	99.00	122.65
oleanolic acid	106.80 ± 12.62^a	87.03 ± 8.75^b	82.50 ± 7.98^b
ursolic acid	496.77 ± 52.11^a	329.15 ± 33.09^b	331.81 ±35.73^b
Sum of triterpenoid acids	603.57	416.18	414.31
campesterol	3.30 ± 0.34^a	2.07 ± 0.21^b	4.18 ± 0.44^c
cycloartanol	1.95 ± 0.17^a	1.08 ± 0.11^b	2.12 ± 0.20^a
24-methylenecycloartanol	1.84 ± 0.19^a	0.97 ± 0.11^b	1.76 ± 0.18^a
sitostanol	0.87 ± 0.09^a	0.06 ± 0.01^b	1.04 ± 0.11^a
sitosterol	14.55 ± 0.17^a	11.29 ± 2.04^b	19.01 ± 2.23^c
stigmasterol	2.91 ± 0.32^a	1.42 ± 0.15^b	3.43 ± 0.37^a
tremulone	4.03 ± 0.41^a	2.76 ± 0.28^b	4.54 ± 0.52^a
Sum of steroids	29.45	19.65	36.08
esters:
α-amyrin	2.06 ± 0.25^a	3.72 ± 0.38^b	5.89 ± 0.64^c
β-amyrin	0.02 ± 0.01^a	1.05 ± 0.22^b	1.74 ± 0.19^c
fernenol	3.14 ± 0.37^a	4.07 ± 0.51^b	5.62 ± 0.65^c
24-methylenecycloartanol	n.d.	n.d.	0.09 ± 0.01
oleanolic acid	0.93 ± 0.11^a	1.68 ± 0.23^b	2.22 ± 0.20^c
ursolic acid	3.25 ± 0.28^a	3.94 ± 0.42^a	4.16 ± 0.38^a
sitosterol	6.32 ± 0.64^a	4.57 ± 0.51^b	8.98 ± 0.93^c
stigmasterol	n.d.	n.d.	1.04 ± 0.01
Sum of esters	15.72	19.03	29.74
Total	730.47	553.86	602.78

Results as referenced to wax extract mass and expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent samples analyzed in triplicate. Results in rows not sharing a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05).