Table 2.
Cognitive functions
| UHR‐individuals (N = 116) | Healthy controls (N = 49) | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Effect size | |
| Cognitive measure | [95% CI] | [95% CI] | (Hedges' g) |
| DART | 21.72 (7.13) | 24.49 (7.51) | p = .04 |
| [7.46–35.98] | [9.47–39.51] | g = 0.38 | |
| WAIS | |||
| • Verbal IQ | 24.03 (4.86) | 25.76 (3.62) | p = .04 |
| (Similarities) | [14.31–33.75] | [18.52–33.00] | g = 0.38 |
| • Performance IQ | 53.67 (10.38) | 58.29 (8.95) | p = .01b |
| (Block design) | [32.91–74.43] | [49.34–76.19] | g = 0.46 |
| BACS | |||
| • List‐learning | 50.97 (8.44) | 59.84 (5.63) | p < .01b |
| [34.09–67.85] | [48.58–71.10] | g = 1.15 | |
| • Digit sequencing | 20.86 (3.83) | 23.16 (2.97) | p < .01b |
| [13.20–28.52] | [17.22–29.10] | g = 0.64 | |
| • Fluency | 58.08 (13.79) | 69.94 (11.99) | p < .01b |
| [30.50–85.66] | [45.96–93.92] | g = 0.89 | |
| • Symbol coding | 58.20 (11.49) | 69.41 (13.60) | p < .01b |
| [35.22–81.18] | [42.21–96.61] | g = 0.92 | |
| CANTAB | |||
| • SWM strategya | 27.07 (6.02) | 25.08 (5.19) | p = .05 |
| [15.03–39.11] | [14.70–35.46] | g = 0.34 | |
| • SWM total errorsa | 10.87 (10.87) | 7.10 (8.65) | p = .03b |
| [−10.87–32.61] | [−10.2–24.40] | g = 0.37 | |
| • SOC problems solved in minimum moves | 9.91 (1.76) | 10.76 (1.38) | p < .01b |
| [6.39–13.43] | [8.00–13.52] | g = 0.51 | |
| • SOC mean initial thinking time five moves | 9999.40 (5958.93) | 11416.91 (7717.29) | p = .22 |
| [−1919.46–21917.26] | [−3717.67–26851.49] | g = 0.22 | |
| • IED total errors adj.a | 19.53 (17.10) | 14.39 (14.33) | p = .05 |
| [−14.67–53.73] | [−14.27–43.05] | g = 0.32 | |
| • IED total latencya | 150885.41 (42395.65) | 133134.39 (36869.15) | p = .01b |
| [66094.11–235676.71] | [59396.09–206872.69] | g = 0.44 | |
| • PAL total trials adj.a | 10.28 (2.83) | 9.53 (1.58) | p = .07 |
| [4.62–15.94] | [6.37–12.69] | g = 0.30 | |
| • RTI mean simple reaction timea | 303.24 (54.85) | 292.57 (32.00) | p = .20 |
| [193.54–412.94] | [228.57–356.57] | g = 0.22 | |
| • RVP A' | 0.8967 (0.0545) | 0.9396 (0.0450) | p < .01b |
| [0.7877–1.0057] | [0.8496–1.0296] | g = 0.83 |
Note: Table 2 shows the results on cognitive functions for UHR‐individuals and HCs.
Abbreviations: Adj., adjusted; BACS, brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia; CANTAB, Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery; CI, confidence interval; DART, Danish adult reading list; GLM, general linear modeling; IED, intra‐extra dimensional shift; IQ, intelligence quotient; PAL, paired associated learning; RTI, reaction time index; RVP, rapid visual processing; SD, standard deviation; SOC, stockings of Cambridge; SWM, spatial visual memory; UHR, ultra‐high risk; WAIS, Wechsler's adult intelligence scale.
A lower score is better. These scores were reversed for the PLS‐C analysis.
Between‐group effect remained significant after Bonferroni correction.