Table 3. Comparison of the total antibiotic consumption (ATC J01) and the consumption of antibiotic subclasses (J01CR, J01DD/DE, J01DH, J01MA, J01XA) in acute care hospitals in five European countries, 2015–2016.
| Year | Belgiuma | Netherlands [27]b | Denmark [22]c | Sweden [28]d | France [23]e | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| Antibiotics for systemic use (ATC J01) | ||||||||||||||
| DIDs f | 1.95g | 0.98 | 1.99 | 1.65 | 2.19 | |||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | 606 | 779 | 1,000 | 673 | 442 | |||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | 4,088 | 3,301 | 3,105 | 2,972 | NA | |||||||||
| Combinations of penicillins, including beta-lactamase inhibitors (ATC J01CR) | ||||||||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | % J01 | 208 | 34.3% | 143 | 18.4% | 180 | 18.0% | 72 | 10.7% | NA | NA | |||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | % J01 | 1,403 | 34.3% | NA | NA | 554 | 17.8% | 318 | 10.7% | NA | NA | |||
| Third/fourth-generation cephalosporins (ATC J01DD / J01DE) | ||||||||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | % J01 | 30/7 | 5.0%/1.2% | 55/0 | 7.1%/0% | 10/0 | 1.0%/0% | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | % J01 | 199/58 | 4.9%/1.4% | NA | NA | 32/0 | 1.0%/0% | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Carbapanems (ATC J01DH) | ||||||||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | % J01 | 24 | 4.0% | 17 | 2.2% | 39 | 3.9% | 31 | 4.6% | NA | NA | |||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | % J01 | 163 | 4.0% | NA | NA | 119 | 3.8% | 136 | 4.6% | NA | NA | |||
| Fluoroquinolones (ATC J01MA) | ||||||||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | % J01 | 66 | 10.9% | 84 | 10.8% | 81 | 8.1% | 65 | 9.7% | NA | NA | |||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | % J01 | 448 | 11.0% | NA | NA | 249 | 8.0% | 287 | 9.7% | NA | NA | |||
| Glycopeptides (ATC J01XA) | ||||||||||||||
| DDDs/1,000 pd | % J01 | 13 | 2.1% | 16 | 2.1% | 11 | 1.1% | 11 | 1.6% | NA | NA | |||
| DDDs/1,000 adm | % J01 | 89 | 2.2% | NA | NA | 32 | 1.0% | 46 | 1.5% | NA | NA | |||
ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical adm: admissions; DDD: defined daily dose; DIDs: DDDs/1,000 inhabitants/day; NA: not available; pd: patient days.
a Belgium data sources: reimbursement data from acute care hospitals. Psychiatric wards and one-day hospitalisations excluded.
b Netherlands: self-reported sales data by hospital pharmacies from acute care hospitals. All inpatient wards and day care centres included.
c Denmark: sales data from public somatic hospitals. Private hospitals and psychiatric wards excluded. Results reported in DDDs/1,000 occupied bed days considered equivalent to DDDs/1,000 patient days.
d Sweden: sales data from acute care hospitals. No exclusion of wards reported. Denominators (patient days and admissions) from 2015 were used.
e France: sales data from all hospitals in France. No exclusion of wards reported.
f Data from European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net) [24]; consumption for the total hospital sector, extrapolated to 100% for reimbursement data.
g Corrections performed based on a validation of the Belgian hospital data in ESAC-Net, leading to a different result than reported in the ESAC-Net 2016 report.