Table 2. Joinpoint regression analysis of trends: EU/EEA population-weighted mean percentage of resistance, by microorganism and antimicrobial group, EARS-Net/EARSS, 2002–2018.

Segment	Lower endpoint		Upper endpoint		APC
	Year	95% CI	Year	95% CI	APC (%)	95% CI	P value
Escherichia coli
Third-generation cephalosporin resistance
All years	2002	NA	2018	NA	+ 10.6	9.7 to 11.5	< 0.001
Segment 1	2002	NA	2006	2005 to 2008	+ 21.8	19.0 to 24.7	< 0.001
Segment 2	2006	2005 to 2008	2012	2011 to 2014	+ 12.4	10.7 to 14.2	< 0.001
Segment 3	2012	2011 to 2014	2018	NA	+ 2.0	0.8 to 3.2	0.004
Fluoroquinolone resistance
All years	2002	NA	2018	NA	+ 4.4	3.8 to 5.0	< 0.001
Segment 1	2002	NA	2006	2005 to 2007	+ 14.9	13.0 to 16.8	< 0.001
Segment 2	2006	2005 to 2007	2012	2009 to 2015	+ 2.0	1.0 to 3.1	0.002
Segment 3	2012	2009 to 2015	2018	NA	+ 0.2	-0.6 to 1.0	0.538
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Third-generation cephalosporin resistance
All years	2006	NA	2018	NA	+ 4.0	2.4 to 5.6	< 0.001
Segment 1	2006	NA	2013	2011 to 2016	+ 6.7	4.6 to 8.8	< 0.001
Segment 2	2013	2011 to 2016	2018	NA	+ 0.4	-2.9 to 3.8	0.809
Fluoroquinolone resistance
All years	2006	NA	2018	NA	+ 5.8	3.1 to 8.6	0.001
Segment 1	2006	NA	2013	2009 to 2016	+ 9.6	5.7 to 13.6	< 0.001
Segment 2	2013	2009 to 2016	2018	NA	+ 0.8	-4.4 to 6.2	0.748
Carbapenem resistance
All years	2006	NA	2018	NA	+ 19.6	10.5 to 29.4	< 0.001
Segment 1	2006	NA	2013	2010 to 2016	+ 34.8	21.4 to 49.7	< 0.001
Segment 2	2013	2010 to 2016	2018	NA	+ 1.0	-14.7 to 19.7	0.891

APC: annual percentage change; CI: confidence interval; EARS-Net/EARSS: European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network/European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System; NA: not applicable.

Statistically significant trends are shown in bold.