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. 2019 Nov 19;8:282. doi: 10.1186/s13643-019-1183-5

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Description of the pulmonary function measurements on which the IPD analysis is based. The exercise-induced decline in FEV₁ was measured on two occasions: after the administration of placebo and after the β₂-agonist. The figures are for the participant X shown in Fig. 2. The FEV₁ declines after placebo and after β₂-agonist lead to an absolute effect of 41 percentage point (pp) less decline in FEV₁ (based on 70–29), and to a relative effect of 58% less decline after the β₂-agonist (based on 41/70). If there was no absolute mean effect, this leads to a 0% relative effect (0/70 = 0), and if all FEV₁ decline was fully prevented, this leads to a 100% effect (70/70 = 1)