Table 1.
Pediatric e-behavioral/mental health literature: study targets, methods, strategy, and impacts for the included articles.
| mHealth study/intervention | Country | Targets | Methods | mHealth strategies | Impacts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent, child, provider | EXP, non-EXP, review) | EBI/EBP (Y) | Level of TX (I, G, S) | Parenting digital strategies | Child digital strategies | Provider/system digital strategies | Intervention effect | ||
| Family-Level eHealth Strategies | |||||||||
| 1.Web-Based Parent Management Training for children with conduct problems (42) | Sweden | Parents of 3–12 y/o | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | Web parenting training (7 sessions) | Positive (on P& C) | ||
| 2. Brief home visit parenting intervention SafeCare + SafeCare-Facebook parenting group for parents at-risk for maltreatment (43) | US | Parents of 0–5y/o | Non-Exp (qualitative) | Y | I & G | 3 weekly home visit sessions + 18 Facebook parenting network group | Positive (on P) | ||
| 3. Stepping Stone web-based TX for promoting parenting knowledge and parent-child relationship (44) | Korean | Parents of 11–16 y/o | EXP (Quasi-Exp) | I | Web parenting training 4 weeks + weekly telephone coaching | Positive (on P) | |||
| 4. Strongest Families Smart Website (45) | Finland | Parents of 4 y/o | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | Web parenting training sessions (11 sessions) + weekly phone coaching | Positive (on P & C) | ||
| 5.Online Parent Social Support for parents of children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) (46) | US | Parents of CSHCN | REVIEW (a scoping review) | G | Parent-to-parent support through digital media, particularly social media (Facebook) on emotional and informational support | Positive (on P, especially for aged 18–29 young adults) | |||
| 6.ezPAREN, online parenting training program (47, 48) | US | Parents of 2–5 y/o | EXP (RCT - Protocol) | Y | I | Web/App-based self-administered parenting (6 modules) | Effectiveness not Yet Report, but adherence and user-engagement were high. | ||
| 7.Triple P Online Community (TPOC), an online parenting program with social media and gaming features (49) | US | Parents of 2–12 y/o that are highly vulnerable | Non-EXP (pre-post) | Y | I & G | Web parenting (eigth sessions) + social media group support + reward system | Positive (on P) | ||
| 8. (a)(b) Triple P- Positive Parenting Program- Online Brief- TPOL Brief) (50, 51) | Australia | Parents of 2–9 y/o with mild to moderate conduct problems | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | Web parenting training (5 modules) + Optional technology assisted communication tools (e.g., remainder, summary email) | Positive (on P & C) | ||
| 9. Parent-Wellness WhatsApp Support Group to promote mothers’ wellbeing of children with autism spectrum disorder (52) | Saudi Arabia | Parents of 26–78 month with Autism spectrum disorder | EXP (RCT) | I & G | 4 WhatsApp-based parent psychoeducation & support sessions + 1-face-to-face session | Positive (on P) | |||
| 10. Cool Little Kids Online Parenting training for prevent child anxiety (53) | US | Parents of 3–6 y/o who are at-risk for Anxiety | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | Web parenting training (8 modules) + Telephone consultation by psychologist when requested | Positive (on P & C) | ||
| 11. COPING, a universal web-based parenting program to promote positive parenting (54) | US | Parents of 3–8 y/o | EXP (RCT - Protocol) | Y | I | Web parenting training (10 sessions) + automated feedback + online praised message + text message reminders | Not Yet Report | ||
| 12. Universal internet-based ParentWorks parenting program (55) | Australia | Parents of 2–16 y/o | EXP (RCT - Protocol) | Y | I | Online-based parenting training (8 modules) | Not Yet Report | ||
| 13. Telephone-Supported Triple P-Online Parenting Program TPOL (TPOLe) for parents with behavior challenge children (56) | Australia | Parents of 1–8 y/o with disadvantage or family difficulty | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | Web parenting training (TPOL) (8 sessions) + weekly telephone consultation sessions for 8 weeks | Positive (on P& C) | ||
| 14. Parenting Resilient Kids (PRK), a web-based parenting program for child behavior problem prevention (57) | Australia | Parents of primary school-aged children | EXP (RCT- Protocol) | I | Web-based parenting assessment + web-tailored parent feedback report + personalized online modules (up to 12 interactive modules) | Not Yet Report | |||
| 15. Adventures computer-based game to improve child social skills and mental health (58) | US | 7–11 years old with social skills challenges | EXP (RCT) | Y | I | 9 interactive online adventure games (include feedback, prompts based on performance) | Positive (on C) | ||
| 16. Development of a Digital Peer Support Service (DPS) for children coping challenges (59) | US | 8–12 year-old cancer survivor | Non-EXP (qualitative) | G | Personas-method (an user-center design method) was used to co-design DPS | DPS contents (3 primary personas for DPS) | |||
| 17. BRAVE-ONLINE, web-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety (Primary focused on children, and secondary on parents) (60) | New Zealand | 7–15 year-old children with mild to moderate anxiety after a nature disaster | Non-EXP (Pre-post follow-up) | Y | I | Web-based parenting modules (5 for parents of adolescents, and 6 for parent of younger children) + auto-reminder for missing a session + therapist support/weekly contact | Web-based child modules (10 20–45 min sessions) + therapist support/contact | Positive (on P& C) | |
| School-Level eHealth Strategies | |||||||||
| 18. Web-based Learning Management System (WBIE) for training teachers on child mental health and management (61) | Brazil (LMIC) | Teachers of primary school students | EXP (RCT) | I & S | 6 web-education videos (9 hr) + internet discussion forum + web conference + support text | Positive (on T) | |||
| 19. iSelfControl, web-based application to support classroom behavioral management for students with ADHD (62) | US | Teachers and 9–11 years old children with ADHD | Non-EXP (13 days follow-up dyadic data) | I | Tablet prompts the child to self-evaluate and earn points for adaptive behaviors (every 30 min) + view progress & compare with teacher’s rating | Tablet prompts the teacher evaluate child behaviors (record every 30 min) + view student rating & progress | Positive for some C (for those with high inside) | ||
| 20. Two-step Triage Procedure for pediatric behavioral health preventive care in primary school (63) | Nether-lands | School health service (SHS) staff serving 4–8 years old students | Non-EXP (Cross-section feasibility study) | Y | I & S | A digital screening carried out by SHS assistants, and only children in need of follow-up were assessed by the SHS doctors or nurses | Positive (on School preventive service) | ||
| Pediatric Care/System eHealth Strategies | |||||||||
| 21.Patient-Portal for Parents in pediatric care: feasibility & usage (64) | US | Parents of young children | Non-EXP (Cross-section feasibility study) | Y | I & S | Parent-portal for child health account, information, and record management | Patient-Portal integrated with EHR system | Positive (on primary care service & P) | |
| 22.Comprehensive electronic previsit screener: parent and provider experience and impacts (65) | US | Parents and Primary care physicians (PCPs) of 4–10 years old | Non-EXP (mixed method) | Y | I & S | Parent use of electronic previsit screeners for child behavioral health | Electronic Previsit screening system for parents and PCPs | Positive (on primary care service, P and PCPs) | |
| 23. PEDStestOnline, a web-based pediatric screening & clinical recommendation (www.pedstest.com/online) system (66) | US | PCPs and parents of 0–8 years-old | Non-EXP (existing data from 22 sites in 20 states) | Y | I & S | Parent-portal for child health screening (no screening results) and record management | Electronic screening + Parent-Portal with/without integration with EHR system | Impact evidence not reported (Report only patterns of utilization and implementation) | |
| 24. Public available Educational Videos for managing children’s pain and anxiety generated by needles (30) | Global | Parents and PCPs of infants and toddlers | REVIEW (a scoping review) | I | Web-based behavioral management strategy videos for parents or PCPs | child pain/anxiety management strategy videos | 25 Public Educational Videos from YouTube & Google search | No impact evidence reported | |
| 25. eRedBook, a digitized version of EHRs in UK: Implementer and user experience and barriers (67) | UK | School health staff and parents of young children | Non-EXP (Qualitative study) | Y | I & S | Parent-portal for health management (enrolled by public health nurses and health visitors) | Enrolling parents to use EHR-Integrated Parent-Portal system | Negative (Many enrollment barriers; e.g., safety, complexity, literacy, WiFi availability) | |
| 26. An EHR-based tool with names, photos, and definitions of treatment team members to increase parents’ accuracy in identifying care team (68) | US | Parents in pediatric care | Non-EXP (pre-post survey) | I & S | Parent use of integrated EHR functions to identify care team members & to build trust | An EHR function to improve parent-care team communication | Positive (on P) | ||
| 27. eHand-over Tool, an EHR-integrated medical handover tool to improve medical handover between doctors (69) | Australia | Pediatric Providers | Non-EXP (cross-sectional survey) | S | An EHR-integrated tool to standardize and improve both the standard and efficiency/efficacy | Positive (on pediatric care, Dr. satisfaction & workflow) | |||
| 28.EHR-integrated strategies to increase discharge communication in multidisciplinary team & Impacts (70) | US | Pediatric PCPs & hospitals physicians | Non-EXP (Qualitative study) | S | 4 strategies to improve communication: Standardize process; Make it Easy; Eliminate waste; & Incentivize | Positive (on Pediatric and Primary care service) | |||
| 29. SHARE intervention, a multicomponent distance-learning/quality improvement program to improve PCPs’ use of ADHD rating scale (71) | US | Pediatric care practices and PCPs | EXP (RCT) | S | SHARE includes: Web-based education; Collaboratively consultation with ADHD experts; and Performance feedback reports/calls | Positive (on PCPs and Primary care service) | |||
| 30. Digital Education Program Development to Train nurse in caring for children with self-harm injuries (72) | US | Nurses in pediatric care | Non-EXP (a participatory approach) | S | e-Learning program for nurse that is sensitive to nurses’ and care recipients’ needs | No impact evidence reported (Report digital tool development process) | |||
| Total | 16 US; 1 LMIC; 13 Others | 17 Family; 3 School; 10 Pediatric | 14 EXP; 14 Non-EXP; 2 Reviews | 17 Y | 14 I; 2 G; 3 I+G; 4 S; 7 I+S | 21 Parents (14 parenting training; 2 parent Support-Groups; 5 EHR-Portal) | 5 Children (2 educational video; 1 game, 1 behavior regulation, 1 peer support) | 15 System (3 school system; 10 pediatric system) | 23 Impact Reported (21 positive; 2 Negative or uncertain) |
TX, Intervention. Level of TX; I, individual family/child-focused; G, family/child group-focused; S, system-focused (school or pediatric care system). EBI/EBP, Evidence based intervention (defined as intervention adapted from EBI that used nondigital approach or digital-based EBI)/Evidence-based guideline (defined as evidence-based practice guideline recommended by professional pediatric society); Y, Yes. Exp, Experimental evaluation (e.g., RCT, experimental comparison, quasi-experimental). y/o, years old. Intervention Effect: P, Parents; C, Child; T, Teacher; PCP, Primary care physicians;