Table 2.

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of each group classified regarding the positivity of islet autoantibodies.

	GADA negative	GADA positive	P value	IAA negative	IAA positive	P value	ICA negative	ICA positive	P value
Number of patients	454 (91.7%)	41	/	392 (79.2%)	103 (20.8%)	/	480 (97.0%)	15	/
Age (years)	65.0 ± 6.56	64.1 ± 7.82	0.389	64.9 ± 6.42	65.0 ± 7.57	0.894	64.9 ± 6.63	65.1 ± 8.13	0.900
Gender (male/female)	196/246 (44.3/55.7%)	15/25	0.404	170/212 (44.5/55.5%)	41/59	0.530	203/265 (43.4/56.6%)	8/6	0.307
BMI (kg/m2)	24.5 ± 3.06	23.0 ± 2.67	0.006a	24.3 ± 2.98	24.5 ± 3.35	0.616	24.3 ± 3.07	24.9 ± 2.64	0.585
WHR	0.91 ± 0.06	0.88 ± 0.05	0.003a	0.91 ± 0.05	0.91 ± 0.06	0.833	0.91 ± 0.05	0.92 ± 0.07	0.447
Duration of diabetes (years)	8.00 ± 5.37	8.55 ± 5.52	0.516	8.03 ± 5.31	8.13 ± 5.67	0.911	8.09 ± 5.38	6.79 ± 5.39	0.328
Insulin treatment	51	7	0.267	28	30	<0.0001b	57	1	0.568
Diabetic family history	115 (25.3%)	10	0.888	98	27	0.785	121 (25.2%)	4	0.819
FBG (mmol/L)	7.24 ± 1.53	7.55 ± 2.57	0.483	7.23 ± 1.71	7.40 ± 1.32	0.023c	7.28 ± 1.65	6.83 ± 0.99	0.373
HbA1C (%)	7.02 ± 1.10	7.27 ± 1.25	0.243	7.02 ± 1.11	7.15 ± 1.12	0.259	7.05 ± 1.11	6.76 ± 1.04	0.367
LDL-CH (mmol/L)	2.33 ± 0.99	2.13 ± 0.72	0.206	2.32 ± 0.98	2.29 ± 0.95	0.740	2.31 ± 0.97	2.48 ± 0.92	0.513
HDL-CH (mmol/L)	1.04 ± 0.41	1.14 ± 0.43	0.125	1.02 ± 0.41	1.15 ± 0.37	0.005a	1.05 ± 0.41	1.01 ± 0.28	0.739
TG (mmol/L)	2.09 ± 1.60	1.67 ± 1.12	0.056	2.01 ± 1.45	2.21 ± 1.95	0.749	2.05 ± 1.56	2.10 ± 1.94	0.583
TCHOL (mmol/L)	4.29 ± 1.28	4.00 ± 0.99	0.109	4.23 ± 1.30	4.41 ± 1.08	0.179	4.27 ± 1.27	4.32 ± 0.83	0.915
ALT (U/L)	10.1 ± 6.72	9.44 ± 3.11	0.388	9.97 ± 6.56	10.5 ± 6.26	0.284	10.1 ± 6.56	8.40 ± 3.68	0.202
AST (U/L)	18.4 ± 10.5	17.7 ± 8.10	0.797	17.9 ± 10.7	19.9 ± 8.34	0.002a	18.3 ± 10.3	18.8 ± 9.73	0.721
AST/ALT	2.08 ± 0.97	2.03 ± 0.77	0.810	2.05 ± 0.94	2.17 ± 0.98	0.193	2.07 ± 0.96	2.29 ± 0.65	0.064
GGT (U/L)	18.5 (12.3, 29.8)	20.0 (14.0, 28.3)	0.464	20.0 (13.0, 27.0)	22.0 (15.8, 31.3)	0.047c	20.0 (14.0, 28.0)	25.0 (16.0, 67.0)	0.113
Ucr (μmol/L)	10127 ± 7147	7498 ± 3778	0.077	10240 ± 7247	8599 ± 5553	0.121	9956 ± 7021	9208 ± 5888	0.694
UREA (mmol/L)	5.24 ± 1.55	5.52 ± 1.35	0.208	5.23 ± 1.58	5.39 ± 1.33	0.295	5.26 ± 1.55	5.27 ± 0.95	0.955
mALB (mg/L)	6.53 (3.75, 22.9)	4.23 (3.00, 10.4)	0.01c	6.39 (3.40, 21.3)	5.70 (3.45, 23.7)	0.698	6.30 (3.40, 21.4)	8.75 (3.15, 65.7)	0.498
U-mALB/Ucr (mg/g)	9.17 (4.59, 22.8)	5.85 (4.70, 16.7)	0.221	8.82 (4.48, 21.8)	8.80 (5.28, 23.9)	0.332	8.80 (4.58, 21.9)	13.0 (6.46, 67.2)	0.250
CREA (μmol/L)	64.5 ± 19.4	61.8 ± 17.6	0.406	64.0 ± 19.6	65.3 ± 17.8	0.511	64.3 ± 19.4	65.2 ± 12.7	0.678
UA (μmol/L)	281 ± 88.5	261 ± 107	0.093	281 ± 92.2	273 ± 82.8	0.273	279 ± 91.1	297 ± 59.0	0.286

Data are showed as n (%), mean ± s.d. or median (P25, P75). P values refer to the comparison of the two subgroups by independent samples t-test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables. P value <0.05 was considered statistical significance. Significant differences are in bold and the significance level is indicated with superscript letters.

^aP < 0.01, ^bP < 0.0001 and ^cP < 0.05,

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CREA, serum creatinine; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-CH, high-density lipoprotein (cholesterol); IAA, insulin autoantibodies; ICA, islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies; LDL-CH, low-density lipoprotein (cholesterol); mALB, urinary microalbumin; TCHOL, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UA, serum uric acid; Ucr, urine creatinine; WHR, waist-hip ratio.